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Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Patients of Community Based Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Khalid Hussain,
Marzia Rahman,
K. H. M. Nazmul Hussain Nazir,
Hasibur Rahman,
Abul Khair
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2016
Pages:
26-29
Received:
17 March 2016
Accepted:
28 March 2016
Published:
21 April 2016
Abstract: The rapid rise in resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to various antimicrobial agents is now a growing concern. The objectives of this study were to investigate the frequency of Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in different cases of infection, and to determine the pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility among the S. aureus originated from human in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Covering a period of five months during July 2014 to November 2014, a total of 65 samples comprises of pus, wounds, eye lesions, burns were collected from the Community Based Medical College Hospital (CBMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh, and the samples were processed at the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202. Among the 65 samples, 20% (n=13/65) were confirmed as S. aureus on the basis of colony morphology, staining characteristics, biochemical properties, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) by amplification of nuc gene (amplicon size 279-bp). Among these 13 S. aureus isolates, 15.38% (n=2/13) were found to be resistant to Methicillin which was confirmed by antibiotic disk sensitivity test and PCR by amplifying MRSA specific mecA gene (amplicon size 533-bp). The antibiotic disk sensitivity test indicated that the MRSA isolates were completely (100%) resistant to Penicillin and Erythromycin. The MRSA represents a major challenge for treatment in hospital due to the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant isolates among susceptible individual.
Abstract: The rapid rise in resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to various antimicrobial agents is now a growing concern. The objectives of this study were to investigate the frequency of Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in different cases of infection, and to determine the pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility among the S. aureus originated from hum...
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Effects of Prolonged Administration of Aqueous Extract of Ocimum gratissimum (Scent Leaf) on Blood Glucose and Lipid Profile in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Albino Rats
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2016
Pages:
30-34
Received:
31 March 2016
Accepted:
15 April 2016
Published:
28 April 2016
Abstract: This study was aimed at comparing the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities of various doses (1.0, 2.0ml and 3.0ml) of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum and glibenclamide (a reference hypoglycemic drug). Ninety (90) male wistar albino rats were used. The rats were divided into six groups (A, B, C, D, E and F) of five rats each. The experiment was replicated three times. The first group, A was non diabetic while B to F was made diabetic using alloxan. Results obtained showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in blood glucose level (mg/dl) following the administration of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract in groups D and E (139.96±7.2mg/dl and 106.64±4.30mg/dl) when compared to the diabetic control group B (299.34±1.30mg/dl). Administration of glibenclamide (antidiabetic drug) also resulted in a significant drop in the blood glucose levels between week 1 and 4. The effects of Ocimum gratissimum and glibenclamide on the blood glucose level are significantly the same at the final week (week 4). The effect of 2.0ml and 3.0ml (groups C and D) of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum on total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) compared favourably with the reference drug (glibenclamide) whereby they all have significant difference (P<0.05) on these biochemical parameters when compared to the diabetic control. All doses of Ocimum gratissimum aqueous leaf extract increased the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (37.41±1.07mg/dl, 42.09±1.22mg/dl and 49.76±0.63mg/dl) when compared to the diabetic control group (32.27±1.68). The effect of highest dose (3.0ml) of Ocimum gratissimum extract on high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (49.76±0.63) compares favourably with the effect seen on the reference drug (glibenclamide) (50.15±1.17). The results suggest that the leaf aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum at 3.0ml dosage has antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect and would be of benefit in the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus, controlling the blood sugar level as well as in preventing or delaying the onset of diabetes mellitus.
Abstract: This study was aimed at comparing the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities of various doses (1.0, 2.0ml and 3.0ml) of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum and glibenclamide (a reference hypoglycemic drug). Ninety (90) male wistar albino rats were used. The rats were divided into six groups (A, B, C, D, E and F) of five rats each. The exp...
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Carbohydrate Catabolism in Adult Onchocerca volvulus: An Immunohistochemical Study
Seidu Mahmood Abdulai,
Adams Abdul Rashid,
Gyasi Kwame Richard,
Tettey Yao,
Adunyame Lois,
Nkansah Obenewaa Dinah,
Wiredu Kwame Edwin
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2016
Pages:
35-40
Received:
14 April 2016
Accepted:
25 April 2016
Published:
11 May 2016
Abstract: Onchocerca volvulus is a parasite responsible for Onchocerciasis whose main pathology is blindness. Existing treatment and control approaches are not entirely successful, with some, fraught with safety challenges. Due to these problems, the need for developing safer and effective drugs to combat the disease has become imperative. However O. volvulus materials are restricted by ethical concerns due to its strict human preference. To overcome these concerns some researchers use animal models of closely related species to obtain biological information on O. volvulus and drugs developed from these sources of information have so far failed to kill the adult O. volvulus. Realistic targets for drug development against O. volvulus could be detected directly in O. volvulus rather than its closely related species. We performed immunohistochemical detection of three major enzymes (G6PD, LDH and PDHK2) involved in carbohydrate metabolism on paraffin processed archival O. volvulus nodules. We observed that up to 64.5% of worms in the paraffin processed nodules had detectable LDH, 61.1% had G6PD and 56.7% had PDHK2 and that most of the enzymes were stored in the muscles of the adult worm. These observations suggest that the adult O. volvulus can operate the glycolytic, Pentose and Entner-Douhoroff pathways either independently or concurrently suggesting that any drug aimed at preventing the adult worm from utilising carbohydrates must target all three enzymes.
Abstract: Onchocerca volvulus is a parasite responsible for Onchocerciasis whose main pathology is blindness. Existing treatment and control approaches are not entirely successful, with some, fraught with safety challenges. Due to these problems, the need for developing safer and effective drugs to combat the disease has become imperative. However O. volvulu...
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mecA Gene Profile of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Clinical Sources in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Easter Godwin Nwokah,
Samuel Douglas Abbey,
Confidence Kinikanwo Wachukwu
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2016
Pages:
41-48
Received:
20 March 2016
Accepted:
30 March 2016
Published:
13 May 2016
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus strains are responsible for a range of acute to chronic infections in humans and other animals. There is scanty information about the genetic background of S. aureus strains in Rivers State, Nigeria. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of MRSA among S. aureus isolates as well as detect the presence of mecA gene among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Two hundred and five (205) non duplicate Staphylococcus aureus previously isolated from human sources were randomly collected from three health facilities- University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital and De-Integrated Laboratories- all located in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, for this study from August, 2012 to July, 2013. Isolates were grouped as hospital in-patient (Hospital-acquired – Nosocomial; n = 76) and out-patient cases (community-acquired; n = 129). Isolates were reconfirmed following standard laboratory protocols and stored in duplicate - one set at +4°C (for phenotypic detection of MRSA) and another set at -70°C for molecular analysis. Using the disk diffusion method, detection of MRSA was carried out with 1μg of oxacillin (OXOID) placed on Mueller-Hinton agar with 4% NaCl supplementation). Molecular Analyses were carried out on all ORSA strains as follows- Bacterial genomic DNA extraction and PCR amplification for detection of 16S rRNA and mecA genes. Amplified products were analyzed using 2.0% agarose gel electrophoresis and subsequently visualized on a UV trans-illuminator. About twelve percent (12.2%) of the 205 Staphylococcus aureus studied were resistant to oxacillin. MRSA detection was significantly higher in in-patient isolates (23.7% of 76) than out-patient (5.4% of 129) S. aureus (p = 0.00031). Urine samples accounted for majority of the isolates (52 of 205) but MRSA detection was highest in Wound swabs (9 of 48 isolates. Of the 25 MRSA, mecA gene was detected in 17, being significantly higher in in-patient MRSA (14) than out-patient MRSA (3) (p<0-05). This study has established the presence of the methicillin resistance encoding gene- mecA, among MRSA isolates in Port Harcourt and that this gene is largely responsible for the MRSA phenotype. Study further establishes that these MRSA are more frequent in the Hospital environment. Further studies on molecular epidemiology of S. aureus are recommended in this region. Improved infection control measures in the healthcare facilities as well as sustained surveillance of methicillin-resistant S. aureus in this region are also advocated.
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus strains are responsible for a range of acute to chronic infections in humans and other animals. There is scanty information about the genetic background of S. aureus strains in Rivers State, Nigeria. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of MRSA among S. aureus isolates as well as detect the presence of mecA ge...
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Stability Analysis of Formulated Emulsion Containing Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) Oil
Shanita Zaman Smrity,
A. H. M. Saifuddin,
Sakina Sultana
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2016
Pages:
49-53
Received:
6 May 2016
Accepted:
16 May 2016
Published:
28 May 2016
Abstract: In this present study emulsions were prepared by using black cumin oil. Dry gum method was followed to prepare emulsions formula A & B. Stability tests including organoleptic property evaluation, pH test, accelerated stability studies, water-drop test and peroxide value were determined. In case of organoleptic property evaluation emulsions showed insignificant changes and there were no variation in pH in both preparations up to 3 months. Emulsions were also undergone to different temperature effects and centrifugation at 4000 rpm, but lost the homogenous structure and separated into two phases under the effect of light and centrifugation. The study showed better results for emulsion B comparing with emulsion A. Thus our results showed that emulsion formulation B can be a good semi-solid preparation in Pharmaceutical field and food industry.
Abstract: In this present study emulsions were prepared by using black cumin oil. Dry gum method was followed to prepare emulsions formula A & B. Stability tests including organoleptic property evaluation, pH test, accelerated stability studies, water-drop test and peroxide value were determined. In case of organoleptic property evaluation emulsions showed i...
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