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Biological Activities and Chemical Composition of Brazilian Bromeliaceae Species – A Systematic Review
Michelle Pereira da Cruz,
Noelly Bastos Cavalcante,
Mariana Gama e Silva,
Larissa Araujo Rolim,
Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
132-138
Received:
8 September 2016
Accepted:
7 October 2016
Published:
1 November 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.jps.20160406.11
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Abstract: Studies of Bromeliaceae species have demonstrated the presence of a large variety of chemical constituents that have important biological activities such as: antimicrobial, antihelmintic, antinociceptive, antitumor, antiulcer and gastroprotective. Thus, this systematic review reports the studies in the literature about the biological activities and chemical composition of Brazilian Bromeliaceae species. The terms “Bromeliaceae”, “phytochemistry” and “pharmacology” were used to search articles in the databases LILACS, PUBMED, SCIELO, SCIENCE DIRECT and SCOPUS published until January 2016. From a total of 652 studies found, 14 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were selected for the research. Moreover, the present review identified 10 chemically defined natural molecules reported in the literature obtained from Brazilian Bromeliaceae species, belonging to the classes of flavonoids, coumaric acid derivatives and sterols. The data reviewed here suggest that there is a large chemical and pharmacological potential in species of Bromeliaceae, which justifies the interest in studying these plants.
Abstract: Studies of Bromeliaceae species have demonstrated the presence of a large variety of chemical constituents that have important biological activities such as: antimicrobial, antihelmintic, antinociceptive, antitumor, antiulcer and gastroprotective. Thus, this systematic review reports the studies in the literature about the biological activities and...
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Evaluating the Impact of Border Crops on Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Infestation and Damage in Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata)
Sipiwe Gobiye,
Innocent Pahla,
Elizabeth Ngadze
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
139-145
Received:
13 September 2016
Accepted:
28 September 2016
Published:
10 November 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.jps.20160406.12
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Abstract: Aphids cause loss of quality and value in butternut crops due to pest injury and the transmission of viruses in a non-persistent manner. A field experiment was conducted in Daylesford, Gweru in August 2012/2013 planting season to evaluate border cropping practice as a management strategy for aphid infestation and damage in butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata). The experiment was arranged as a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) replicated 4 times. Treatments were Maize (Zea mays) border planted at 25 000 and 45 000 plants/ha and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) border planted at 200 000 and 260 000 plants/ha plus a butternut crop with no border (control). All borders were planted 0.5 m from the butternut crop. Data on aphid counts on borders and on butternuts, disease incidence, yield and land equivalent ratio for the intercrops was recorded. Results showed that, border crops and border density interacted significantly (p < 0.05) to to reduce aphid population, disease incidence and yield of butternuts. From the results, butternut plots bordered by maize at 45 000 plants/ha recorded the highest butternut yield (16t/ha), least aphid population and least viral disease incidence during the 7th week after planting when compared to control. Based on these findings it can be concluded that the use of maize border cropping at 45 000 plants/ha can be effective in controlling aphids in butternuts.
Abstract: Aphids cause loss of quality and value in butternut crops due to pest injury and the transmission of viruses in a non-persistent manner. A field experiment was conducted in Daylesford, Gweru in August 2012/2013 planting season to evaluate border cropping practice as a management strategy for aphid infestation and damage in butternut squash (Cucurbi...
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Morpho-Molecular Screening for Bacterial Leaf Blight Resistance in Some Rice Lines and Varieties
M. H. M. Mubassir,
Khondoker M. Nasiruddin,
Nazmul Hoque Shahin,
Shamsun Nahar Begum,
Manas Kanti Saha,
A. Q. M. Bazlur Rashid
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
146-152
Received:
18 October 2016
Accepted:
27 October 2016
Published:
16 November 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.jps.20160406.13
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Abstract: Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is one of the major and oldest diseases of rice. The best cost effective management of this disease is the development of resistant cultivars. Morphological and molecular screening are widely used approach in the recent scenario for identifying BLB resistant cultivar. In present study, two experiments were carried out to identify the BLB resistant rice lines and varieties. An active strain of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryaze (Xoo.) BXO-09 was used for the inoculation experiments. Then, morphological rating was done to find out the resistant rice lines and varieties whereas three RFLP primers (RG136, RG556 and pTA248) were used for identifying the BLB resistant genes. Through morphological analysis, the rice line RC251 was recorded as susceptible where the rest of the rice lines resulted moderately susceptible or moderately resistant. Among the rice varieties, BR-26, BRRI Dhan31, IRBB5, IRBB21, IRBB60, IRBB65, and Kumragur were recorded as resistant where BR-11, Binadhan-8, and Binadhan-10 were found highly susceptible to BLB. In case of RFLP marker based analysis, a specific type of banding pattern was observed for IRBB5 for RG556 primer which indicated the presence of xa5 gene. For RG136 primer 8 kb single band was formed for different lines and varieties whereas only IRBB60 showed 2 fragments of 8 kb and 5 kb which also indicated the presence of xa13 gene. Finally, DNA amplification of 27 rice lines and varieties using pTA248 primer showed the band at 4 kb position for the BLB resistant lines and varieties and 3.7 kb position for the susceptible lines and varieties. The findings of morpho-molecular characterization information could be useful to the breeders for further planning of developing BLB resistant cultivars.
Abstract: Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is one of the major and oldest diseases of rice. The best cost effective management of this disease is the development of resistant cultivars. Morphological and molecular screening are widely used approach in the recent scenario for identifying BLB resistant cultivar. In present study, two experiments were carried out to...
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Genetic Diversity Analysis and DNA Fingerprinting of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Genotypes Using SSR Markers
Md. Rezwan Molla,
Iftekhar Ahmed,
Md. Motiar Rohman,
Md. Amjad Hossain,
Md. Aziz Zilani Chowdhury
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
153-164
Received:
13 October 2016
Accepted:
31 October 2016
Published:
23 November 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.jps.20160406.14
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Abstract: Microsatellite combines several features of an ultimate molecular marker and they are used increasingly in various plant genetic studies and applications. Characterization of mungbean genotypes on the basis of DNA fingerprinting has become an efficient tool to link genotypic variation. This work is reporting the utilization of a small set of five previously developed mungbean microsatellite (SSR) markers for the identification and discrimination of six HYVs and 36 landraces. All five microsatellite markers were found to be polymorphic. Variation was found in number of alleles, allele frequency, observed and expected heterozygosity. Using five primers across 42 genotypes a total of 20 alleles with an average number of 4 alleles per locus were found of which GBssr-MB91 showed highest number of alleles (6) (size ranging from 135 to 152 bp) followed by 4 alleles (from 160 to 176 bp and 175 to 195 bp) and 3 alleles (from 264 to 282 bp and 283 to 304 bp) were detected at the loci LR7322B, LR7323A, LR7323B and GBssr-MB77, respectively. The narrow genetic base could be one of the reasons for the low yield of polymorphic markers in the study. The primer GBssr-MB91 also yielded highest number of PIC value (0.803). Genetic differentiation (Fst) values were found in the ranges 0.443 to 0.747 with an average of 0.686 and gene flow (Nm) values ranged from 0.085 to 0.314 with an average of 0.237. Over all Nei’s genetic distance value (D) obdervedfrom nil to 2.706 among 861accessions pair resulting as a means of permutation combination of 42 mungbean genotypes. The UPGMA dendogram based on Nei’s genetic distance separated the genotypes, BARI mung-1 and BD6906 from other 40 genotype. Out of 42 genotypes, 36 genotypes were identified with at least one and/or combination of 4 primers.
Abstract: Microsatellite combines several features of an ultimate molecular marker and they are used increasingly in various plant genetic studies and applications. Characterization of mungbean genotypes on the basis of DNA fingerprinting has become an efficient tool to link genotypic variation. This work is reporting the utilization of a small set of five p...
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Diversity and Vegetation Structure of Shrubs and Trees in Magada Forest, Bule-Hora District, Borena Zone, Oromia Region, Southern Ethiopia
Garuma Gerbaba,
Wendawek Abebe
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
165-171
Received:
10 August 2016
Accepted:
23 August 2016
Published:
2 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.jps.20160406.15
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Abstract: This study was conducted in Magada Forest, Bule-Hora District, Borena Zone, Oromia Region, Southern Ethiopia. The main objective of the study was to investigate diversity and vegetation structure of trees and shrubs in the forest. Systematic sampling method was used to collect vegetation data. Accordingly, 35 quadrats, each with 20 m x 20 m (400 m2) were laid along line transects at the distance of 100m from each other. The plant species were collected, brought, identified and deposited at the National Herbarium (ETH), Addis Ababa University. Data were analyzed using different software such as Microsoft Excel, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, TWINSPAN and PAST. A total of 38 plant species belonging to 23 families and 27 genera were recorded and identified. Family Asteraceae had the highest number of individuals 227 followed by Celastraceae 221 and Apocynaceae 217. The forest was dominated by small sized trees and shrubs indicating that it is in the stage of secondary regeneration. The vegetation is disturbed because of many factors including grazing and browsing by livestock and other humans’ activities. These further retards diversity and vegetation structure of the forest. Therefore, based on the results, to protect and conserve this forest appropriate management strategy and awareness creation for the local people on the wisely use is very important. The maintenance of biodiversity that promote sustainable use of the forest and its products are also recommended.
Abstract: This study was conducted in Magada Forest, Bule-Hora District, Borena Zone, Oromia Region, Southern Ethiopia. The main objective of the study was to investigate diversity and vegetation structure of trees and shrubs in the forest. Systematic sampling method was used to collect vegetation data. Accordingly, 35 quadrats, each with 20 m x 20 m (400 m2...
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Survey of Wild Vegetables in the Lebialem Highlands of South Western Cameroon
Ngone Abwe Mercy,
Ndam Lawrence Monah,
Mih Afui Mathias
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
172-184
Received:
11 November 2016
Accepted:
25 November 2016
Published:
7 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.jps.20160406.16
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Abstract: Wild vegetables are known to make important contributions to food baskets and livelihoods in the smallholder and subsistence farming communities of Sub-Saharan Africa. Protecting and promoting the sustainable use of these vegetables in concert with more mainstream agricultural innovation efforts has the potential to build household resilience to food insecurity. They are considered to be rich in micronutrients and can therefore be used to overcome inadequate nutrition. However, research on micronutrients in wild vegetables remains limited and sporadic. The Lebialem highlands which forms part of the forest agroecological zone of Cameroon is a rich source of a wide variety of wild plants, most of which have hardly been studied from the view point of its uses, proximate composition and nutritional profile. In this context, the present study was aimed at documenting the wild edible vegetables in the study area, as well as their traditional uses as there is dramatic loss of traditional knowledge regarding wild edible plants. Informed consent semi-structured interviews from 300 respondents of 15 communities were conducted to collect data. A total of 26 wild vegetables belonging to 18 families and 24 genera were documented. The Asteraceae was recorded as the most prominent, followed by Brassicaceae, Gnetaceae, Fabaceae and Piperaceae. These five families contributed about 50% of the wild vegetables in the area. Five dominant vegetables were recorded to be mostly consumed viz; Vernonia amygdalina, Gnetum spp., Lomariopsis guineensis, Pennisetum purpureum and Amaranthus dubius. Lomariopsis guineensis and Pennisetum purpureum are illustrated for the first time as wild vegetables in Cameroon. The tradition of using wild palatable plants is still alive in the rural populations though it is declining due to the introduction of exotic species. Consequently, the recording, preserving, and infusing of this traditional knowledge to upcoming generations is vital.
Abstract: Wild vegetables are known to make important contributions to food baskets and livelihoods in the smallholder and subsistence farming communities of Sub-Saharan Africa. Protecting and promoting the sustainable use of these vegetables in concert with more mainstream agricultural innovation efforts has the potential to build household resilience to fo...
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Characterization of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Genotypes from the Western Highlands Region of Cameroon Using Morphological and Agronomic Traits
Mariette Anoumaa,
Gabriel Kanmegne,
Eric Bertrand Kouam,
Gaston Sefu Amzati,
Nasser Kouadio Yao,
Théophile Fonkou,
Hermann Desiré Mbouobda,
Funda Arslanoglu,
Denis Ndoumou Omokolo
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
185-194
Received:
18 November 2016
Accepted:
5 December 2016
Published:
7 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.jps.20160406.17
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Abstract: Seventy-seven (77) potato accessions were collected from production areas in Western highlands of Cameroon (5°10’-6°30’N and 9°30’- 10° 80’E). Out of the 77 accessions, 69 were traditional and 8 were modern varieties. The genotypes were grown under Menoua (5°27’N, 10°04’E) ecological conditions. 23 morphological and agronomical traits from the internationally accepted descriptor list for potato were used. When considering 7 agronomic traits used in this study, there were no significant difference among collection zone and among altitudes; however, highly significant differences among the accessions were found. Dried matter content (21.25%), total tubers number (15.55), mean eyes number (10.46) and mean stem number (3.21) were significantly higher in traditional varieties than in modern varieties which however had the highest percentage of marketable tubers (84.89%). Significant correlations were found between marketable tuber number and plant height (r = 0.44; p ≤ 0.0001) and between dried matter content, mean stems number (r = 0.38; p ≤ 0.001), mean eyes number (r = 0.30; p ≤ 0.01) and total tubers number (r = 0.44; p ≤ 0.0001). Cluster analysis identified 2 distinct groups with high level of variation. Significant differences were observed on all agronomic traits between the 2 groups; the first group was made up of Forty-seven (47) individuals, all of them were traditional varieties out of the sixty-nine (69) collected; The second group comprised et mixture of local and exotic varieties. Implications of these results in connection with the potato breeding programs in Cameroon are discussed.
Abstract: Seventy-seven (77) potato accessions were collected from production areas in Western highlands of Cameroon (5°10’-6°30’N and 9°30’- 10° 80’E). Out of the 77 accessions, 69 were traditional and 8 were modern varieties. The genotypes were grown under Menoua (5°27’N, 10°04’E) ecological conditions. 23 morphological and agronomical traits from the inte...
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Water Level Rise Induced Limnological Changes Indirectly Influencing the Structure of Aquatic Macrophyte Communities in a Tropical Reservoir
Edson Gomes de Moura Júnior,
Arnildo Pott,
William Severi,
Carmen Silvia Zickel
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
195-201
Received:
2 December 2016
Accepted:
10 December 2016
Published:
9 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.jps.20160406.18
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Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the degree of contribution of limnological variables to explaining ecological processes involving aquatic macrophytes after an event of water level rise (WLR) of an artificial lake (Cursai Reservoir - CR), located in northeastern Brazil. Initially we tested the hypotheses that limnological characteristics, and species richness and composition of aquatic macrophytes, would change post-WLR. Once these hypotheses were confirmed, we evaluated the degree of influence (direct or indirect) of the variables to structuring the community of aquatic macrophytes in CR. We carried out four pre-WLR sampling expeditions and four post-WLR sampling expeditions to a permanent plot of 5 m x 40 m, wherein we assessed species richness, composition and cover, and measured 12 limnological variables. We used partial correlation analysis to evaluate the degree of contribution of the limnological changes to post-WLR structuring of the aquatic macrophyte community. The results pointed to an indirect correlation between the limnological changes and the structuring of the aquatic macrophyte community derived from the WLR, with interespecific interactions being the determining factors in structuring. The cover and species composition in the post-WLR period confirmed this inference. In this period, we found a reduction in cover of the weeds Eichhornia crassipes, Paspalidium geminatum and Salvinia auriculata, new records of Egeria densa, Ludwigia leptocarpa and Ludwigia helminthorriza, and an increase in cover of Cyperus odoratus and Oxycaryum cubense. We consider that fast WLRs in artificial lakes, such as occurred in CR, can be considered intermediate disturbances. In such cases, the ecological processes involving the aquatic macrophytes could be explained by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH), which reinforces interespecific interactions (moreover competition) as being the restructuring factor.
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the degree of contribution of limnological variables to explaining ecological processes involving aquatic macrophytes after an event of water level rise (WLR) of an artificial lake (Cursai Reservoir - CR), located in northeastern Brazil. Initially we tested the hypotheses that limnological characteristics, and species r...
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