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Physico - Microbiological and Chemical Examination of Domestic Water Used by the College of Agriculture Community, Maiduguri, North– Eastern Nigeria
Gwana,
A. M.,
Bako,
M. M.,
Auwal,
M. S.,
Bagudu,
B. Y.,
Kadai,
K. I.,
Sadiq,
A. B.,
Halima,
M. B.
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
63-68
Received:
17 May 2014
Accepted:
4 June 2014
Published:
20 June 2014
Abstract: This study was conducted on physico – microbiological and chemical examination of domestic water used by the community, College of Agriculture, Maiduguri, North – Eastern Nigeria. 200mls of water samples were randomly collected from seven stations. Methods been applied are physical, microbiological and chemical techniques as described by Cheesbrough, (2010) and AOAC, (1990). Physical parametric values were obtained and falls within the W.H.O. recommended standard values, except one station, in term of turbidity. Presumption coliform count, confirmatory total coliform test, plate count yielded Coliform and Escherichia coli count which exceeded therecommended values. Aerobicmesophilic bacterial count was performed, and met the recommended values limit for safe drinking water. No parasites found from examinat-ion of the water sampled. Elements determined in the water sampled exceeded the W.H.O recommended standard values; chromium in stations E (0.06 mg/l), lead (0.02 mg/l) and G (0.06 mg/l), manganese in stations A (0.25 mg/l), B (0.17 mg/l) and G (0.13 mg/l), which make the water unwholesome for consumption. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis, found significance. Conclusively, water used by this community is found fit for consumption in terms of both physical and parasites free, but, unfit in terms of faecal and some chemicals contamination. Government, NGOs or any authority concerned should assist and build more bore holes with PVC pipes for safe water distributions, communities should be enlightened on the sanitary measures, safe drinking water and it hygienic purification.
Abstract: This study was conducted on physico – microbiological and chemical examination of domestic water used by the community, College of Agriculture, Maiduguri, North – Eastern Nigeria. 200mls of water samples were randomly collected from seven stations. Methods been applied are physical, microbiological and chemical techniques as described by Cheesbroug...
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About Buckling of X-Type Bracing
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
69-72
Received:
11 May 2014
Accepted:
11 June 2014
Published:
20 June 2014
Abstract: In X-type bracing structures generally it does not take into account the structural contribution of the compressed member, since it is assumed to have a negligible compressive strength; it considered that the stretched member takes the total stress. In the following we analyse as the stretched diagonal, joined in the middle to the compressed one, improves the structural behaviour of this both with respect to the buckling in-plane or out-of -plane of the structure. First we recall the link between the Euler buckling load of a rod free and braced depending on the stiffness k of the brace. Then we analyse the in-plane and out-of-plane buckling of the rod and, for the two situations, we value the increase of the buckling load due to the elastic brace. In the end for both cases we show in what condition the stretched rod causes that the compressed one buckles in the second mode.
Abstract: In X-type bracing structures generally it does not take into account the structural contribution of the compressed member, since it is assumed to have a negligible compressive strength; it considered that the stretched member takes the total stress. In the following we analyse as the stretched diagonal, joined in the middle to the compressed one, i...
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Hydrodynamic Model of Sedimentation and Disinfection to Predict Water Quality in Water Treatment Plant
Euis Nurul Hidayah,
Okik Hendriyanto
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
73-77
Received:
20 May 2014
Accepted:
9 June 2014
Published:
20 June 2014
Abstract: This current research used HPAs model for sedimentation process and HPAd model for disinfection process to make formulation of mathematical model of flow velocity, NFr and Nre patterns and to analyze the effect of hydrodynamic to contaminant. Transport mechanism in pollutant dispersion was analogized to pollutant transport phenomenon in river. This research aims to study mathematical models of velocity, NRe, NFr, E.coli distribution and residual chlorine patterns in baffle channel disinfection tanks based on the hydrodynamic model (HPAd Model) mathematical formulation and the suspended particles and turbidity in sedimentation tank based on the hydrodynamic model (HPAs Model). Research includes the formulation of mathematical models which results have been visualized by Mathlab, the acquisition of primary data using physical models, testing the model using Mathlab with the primary data input. The parameters flow velocity pattern (u), Reynolds numbers (NRe) and Froude numbers (NFr), but E.coli distribution and residual chlorine didn’t influenced the pattern flow velocity and Froude Number. However, pattern flow had influenced turbidity and settling floc sedimentation. Dosage and type of disinfectant and coagulant influenced the pattern of Reynold Number due to effect of acceleration and dragging flow correlated to dispersibility.
Abstract: This current research used HPAs model for sedimentation process and HPAd model for disinfection process to make formulation of mathematical model of flow velocity, NFr and Nre patterns and to analyze the effect of hydrodynamic to contaminant. Transport mechanism in pollutant dispersion was analogized to pollutant transport phenomenon in river. This...
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Science Teacher Education Program for Effective Classroom Performance in a Changing World
Daniel Patrick,
Banu,
Sadiq Abubakar,
Abdullahi
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
78-84
Received:
29 May 2014
Accepted:
17 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: One of the challenges in science teacher education program in universities and colleges of education around the world is preparing pre-service teachers to teach effectively from a global perspective. Adding a global dimension in a science classroom helps students to develop global knowledge and understanding, and a cosmopolitan spirit needed for the twenty-first century global citizenship. This paper discusses how Department of Education at Federal University Kashere, Nigeria, attempts to prepare its pre-service science teachers to add a global dimension in the classroom to prepare students for global competitiveness and global citizenship. The teacher education program adheres strictly to national and international standards and to best instructional practices.
Abstract: One of the challenges in science teacher education program in universities and colleges of education around the world is preparing pre-service teachers to teach effectively from a global perspective. Adding a global dimension in a science classroom helps students to develop global knowledge and understanding, and a cosmopolitan spirit needed for th...
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Evaluation of a Poly (Acrylic) Acid Polymer as a Sustained Release Matrix for Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride
Nwachukwu,
Nkemakolam,
Emeje,
O. Martin,
Ofoefule,
I. Sabinus
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
85-90
Received:
26 May 2014
Accepted:
20 June 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: An evaluation of the sustained release (SR) properties of a polyacrylic acid polymer, Carbopol 971(CP 971) as matrix in the formulation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CH) tablets was carried out. The CP 971 in concentrations of up to 40 % w/w were wet granulated using ethanol 95% v/v and the dried granules were evaluated for packing, densification and flow properties. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, uniformity of weight and content of active ingredient. The formulations dissolution profiles were tested in 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid (0.1 N HCl, pH 1.3), simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.2) without enzymes. Results obtained showed significant retardation (p < 0.05) of ciprofloxacin release as the polymer concentration increased. Drug release was significantly different in the three media used with the release rate being faster in SGF than 0.1 N HCl and SIF. This can be attributed to the high solubility of the drug in acidic media. More than 50% of drug content was released within 4 h. Ciprofloxacin tablets containing 20 % w/w was adjudged the best formulation and drug release from the formulation was diffusion controlled (Fickian).
Abstract: An evaluation of the sustained release (SR) properties of a polyacrylic acid polymer, Carbopol 971(CP 971) as matrix in the formulation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CH) tablets was carried out. The CP 971 in concentrations of up to 40 % w/w were wet granulated using ethanol 95% v/v and the dried granules were evaluated for packing, densification...
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Experiments on Regulating the Human Body’s Immunity Function by Psychological Methods
Yueliang Zhou,
Chunping Zhuang,
Songqing Zhao
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
91-96
Received:
8 July 2014
Accepted:
24 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: Within certain cases, the experiments on regulating the human body’s immunity function by psychological methods are conducted. The results show that psychological methods can be used to drive the immunity function to eliminate or destroy abnormal cells or antigens with higher efficiency. Meanwhile, psychological methods can also be utilized to control and train the immunity function so that the healthy organs and tissues can be protected from being attacked.
Abstract: Within certain cases, the experiments on regulating the human body’s immunity function by psychological methods are conducted. The results show that psychological methods can be used to drive the immunity function to eliminate or destroy abnormal cells or antigens with higher efficiency. Meanwhile, psychological methods can also be utilized to cont...
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