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A Broadened Criterion to Assess Safety Factor of Industrial Products Design for Ecological Balancing
Mohamed Reda Ramadan Gomaa,
M. A. S. Mohamed
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
1-8
Received:
8 December 2014
Accepted:
5 January 2015
Published:
12 January 2015
Abstract: The problem of selecting a suitable safety factor for industrial products, and especially for a design proposal is reviewed. Products are mainly introduced to provide a certain profit or turnover in terms of resources enhancement. However, any proposed product will somehow drain natural resources whether it operates properly or erroneously. A comprehensive definition of products safety is put forth to face the numerous requirements placed on sophisticated products. Product safety is then assessed based on its consequential loss in resources. The suggested definition is checked using the three commonly applied methods of product safety estimation; namely the product quality, the FMEA technique, and the Markov formulation. It is found that product safety in the broadened presented sense as a compromised viewpoint is often sought in order to reach a balance between their useful and harmful aspects with regards to all members of the ecological system. Moreover, product safety does embrace the gain/loss statistical data of product introductory versions and represents a trade-off function of its profits (resources renovation) and its losses (resources drain). In addition, the comprehensive resource-loss trend helps product designers meet a wide range of customer requirements and operational regulations as perspective environmental closed system (ECS).
Abstract: The problem of selecting a suitable safety factor for industrial products, and especially for a design proposal is reviewed. Products are mainly introduced to provide a certain profit or turnover in terms of resources enhancement. However, any proposed product will somehow drain natural resources whether it operates properly or erroneously. A compr...
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Water Access and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Case of Elementaita Division in Nakuru County, Kenya
Cherutich Jonah,
Timothy Maitho,
Quinter Omware
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
9-23
Received:
20 December 2014
Accepted:
28 December 2014
Published:
12 January 2015
Abstract: This study assessed water factors that impact sustainable rural livelihoods in Elementaita Division, Nakuru County. Problem of water access remains a multi-million challenge for families in rural areas and this had to be explained in scientific research through assessing water issues that affect the livelihoods. Households remain far from water projects despite interventions that governments, NGOs and other agencies have put in place. The study had the following objectives; assess water access factors and its impact on sustainable rural livelihoods, evaluate management of water projects and determine how it impacts on sustainable livelihoods and to determine how socio-economic factors of water impact rural livelihoods in Elementaita Division. The study used sustainable livelihood framework in its analysis and establishing what areas of interventions would be considered for the study. This includes looking at assets, capital, livelihood strategies, institutional processes and vulnerability context. This was a descriptive survey and questionnaires were generated on related areas of study. Sampling for household was carried out through systematic sampling. The study targeted a sample 195 household heads, 1 water users association also a Key Informant Interview (KII) was carried out with District Water Officer (DWO) and District Public Health Officer (DPHO). Data was carried collected using questionnaires, interviews and supplemented through secondary data. Data was analysed using inferential statistics by use of descriptive statistics. The findings were presented in tables using tables. From the findings water availability, quality and affordability determine the level of households assets in the community thereby impact negatively or positively. Over 98% of the respondents reported that children walk long distances or do not attend school in order to fetch water for the households, this impact negatively on their mental and physical development as well as their education. There is need to carry out awareness on the implication of using water of poor quality in the community as it may have adverse health effects on the lives of the community. Increasing awareness levels on rain water harvesting by the community need to be enhanced to improve on quality of water. Parents should also ensure that their children access education and not engage in child labour. The findings and recommendations of the study are important to Ministry of Water, researchers, all stakeholders and the community of Elementaita Division and Nakuru County in enhancing water access and addressing some of the challenges identified.
Abstract: This study assessed water factors that impact sustainable rural livelihoods in Elementaita Division, Nakuru County. Problem of water access remains a multi-million challenge for families in rural areas and this had to be explained in scientific research through assessing water issues that affect the livelihoods. Households remain far from water pro...
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Combustion in Micro Channel Investigating the Effect of Wall Thermal Conductivity of Micro-Channels on Flame Stability
Zafar Namazian,
Heidar Hashemi,
Jafar Namazian
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
24-27
Received:
13 October 2014
Accepted:
30 December 2014
Published:
23 January 2015
Abstract: In this work, the computational fluid dynamics is used to model a micro torch. This is to investigate the effect of wall conductivity for different operating conditions on combustion characteristics as well as flame stability. The effect of convective heat transfer coefficient on the flame stability, out of the burner, is also studied. The results show that the wall conductivity and the convective heat transfer coefficient are very important to determine heat transfer to upstream. Finally, it is observed that if intermediate conductivity value of a wall is used, it can produce more stable combustion flame. In contrary, in very low and high conductivity, the flame becomes unstable. If the convective heat transfer coefficient of the outer fluid increases, flame becomes unstable again.
Abstract: In this work, the computational fluid dynamics is used to model a micro torch. This is to investigate the effect of wall conductivity for different operating conditions on combustion characteristics as well as flame stability. The effect of convective heat transfer coefficient on the flame stability, out of the burner, is also studied. The results ...
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A Geographic Information System Based Soil Loss and Sediment Estimation in Zingin Watershed for Conservation Planning, Highlands of Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
28-35
Received:
20 October 2014
Accepted:
3 November 2014
Published:
30 January 2015
Abstract: Zingin watershed is one of the most erosion-prone watersheds in the highlands of Ethiopia which received little attention. This study was, therefore, carried out to spatially predict the soil loss rate of the watershed with a Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) adapted to Ethiopian conditions was used to estimate potential soil losses by utilizing information on rainfall erosivity (R) using interpolation of rainfall data, soil erodibility (K) using soil map, vegetation cover (C) using satellite images, topography (LS) using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and conservation practices (P ) using satellite images. Based on the analysis, the total annual soil loss potential of the study watershed Based on the analysis, the mean and total annual soil loss potential of the study watershed was 9.10 ton tons/yr and 57750.15 t/yr, respectively. About 78.31% (4969.63 ha) of the watershed was categorized none to slight class which under SLT values ranging from 5 to 11 tons ha-1yr-1. The remaining 21.69% (1376.48 ha) of land was classified under moderate to high class about several times the maximum tolerable soil loss (11 tons ha-1 y-1). The study demonstrates that the RUSLE together with GIS provide a good estimate soil loss rate over areas.
Abstract: Zingin watershed is one of the most erosion-prone watersheds in the highlands of Ethiopia which received little attention. This study was, therefore, carried out to spatially predict the soil loss rate of the watershed with a Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) adapted to Ethiopi...
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