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Kinetics of Biodiesel Production from Soya Bean Soap Stock
Chinedu Gabriel Mbah,
Chizoo Esonye,
Dominic Okechukwu Onukwuli
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
198-206
Received:
11 August 2021
Accepted:
23 August 2021
Published:
7 September 2021
Abstract: Low quality lipids such as soyabeanrsoapstock, a by-product of vegetable oil processing can be used as a viable feedstock for the production of biodiesel due to its high yield capacity, availability, and low cost. Sodium hydroxide and methanol were used as catalyst and solvent respectively while n–hexane was added as a co-solvent. Kinetics of the transesterification reaction mechanismfor soyabeansoapstock with and without co-solvent (n-hexane) was carried out using models proposed by Singh & Fernando, (2007) to determine the reaction order and rate constant at different temperatures (45°C, 55°C and 65°C). Similar rate constants were obtained (with and without co-solvent) though with slightly different R2 values showing that n-hexane does not distort the chemistry of the reaction. Negative and very low R2 values obtained at temperatures 45°C and 65°C further affirms 55°C as the optimum temperature for the reaction. An activation energy of 74 KJ/mol and frequency factor of 2.9 was also obtained. Findings from the studyshows that soyabeansoapstock is a viable feedstock for the production of biodiesel and n-hexane was a suitable co-solvent in the transesterification of low quality lipids (soyabean soap stock). A rate constant of 0.0008 min-1 and reaction order of 2 was obtained for the transesterification reaction.
Abstract: Low quality lipids such as soyabeanrsoapstock, a by-product of vegetable oil processing can be used as a viable feedstock for the production of biodiesel due to its high yield capacity, availability, and low cost. Sodium hydroxide and methanol were used as catalyst and solvent respectively while n–hexane was added as a co-solvent. Kinetics of the t...
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Investigation of the Effect of Strength Anisotropy on Slope Stability of C.D.G.S
Tae-Gew Ham,
Jin-Hwan Lim,
Man-Bok Ha
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
207-213
Received:
6 September 2021
Accepted:
30 September 2021
Published:
12 October 2021
Abstract: The weathering of the granite rock results in C.D.G.S (completely decomposed granite soil) in most land area. Therefore, the C.D.G.S is commonly encountered in construction field, such as riverbanks and embankments, including roads and railways, and has a stress history of compaction with their construction. In this process, the compacted soil possesses an anisotropic property. Measurement of stress-strain-strength behavior of anisotropic decomposed granite soil is very important for the analysis of deformation and stability of slopes, retaining walls and excavations. Therefore, Anisotropy of mechanical properties for C.D.G.S (compacted decomposed granite soil), a series of unsaturated and saturated-drained triaxial compression tests was performed in order to investigate the deformation and strength anisotropy of C.D.G.S (compacted decomposed granite soils). Three different orientation angles of the axial direction of samples with respect to the horizontal plane were investigated: d=0, 45 and 90 degrees. As the results showed, the compression strain of specimens subjected to an isotropic compression was influenced strongly by d. The effect of the angle d on the strength was more pronounced on unsaturated specimen as compared to saturated specimen. In addition, the time dependence was independent of the settling angle associated with the deformation behavior during the secondary compression process. The effect of settling angle on triaxial compressive strength and deformation was clearly demonstrated at low constraining stresses. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of strength anisotropy according to the height of the fill on the slope stability, slope stability analysis was performed assuming 10m, 20m, 50m, and 100m of the embankment. it became clear that by considering strength anisotropy, the stability of embankment decreased when water level within the embankment was low. In order to obtain more reliable results in the future, verification using various samples will be required.
Abstract: The weathering of the granite rock results in C.D.G.S (completely decomposed granite soil) in most land area. Therefore, the C.D.G.S is commonly encountered in construction field, such as riverbanks and embankments, including roads and railways, and has a stress history of compaction with their construction. In this process, the compacted soil poss...
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Suitability Evaluation for Spatial Expansion and Identification of Land Use Conflicts in Mountainous Country Villages and Towns: Take for Example Suining County
Wang Zhang,
Jiadi Peng,
Yu’an Liu,
Xiaonan Cheng
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
214-224
Received:
24 September 2021
Accepted:
11 October 2021
Published:
21 October 2021
Abstract: Suining County of Shaoyang City, Hunan Province, was used as a suitability evaluation system from two aspects of natural and human factors including 12 indicators. The analytic hierarchy process and multi-factor weighted evaluation model were adopted to carry out the evaluation of the suitability of the spatial expansion of villages and towns for county-level. On this basis, the propensity intensity of three types of land use for villages and towns, agriculture, and ecology was calculated. Then, the high, middle and low grades were classified by the natural break point method, and the land use conflict recognition matrix was listed. Finally, the results of land use conflict identification were obtained. The results showed that: Suining County has significant differences in the suitability of spatial expansion of villages and towns, and the spatial distribution characteristics of different levels were quite different. The areas of the most suitable area, more suitable area, basic suitable area, less suitable area and unsuitable area for spatial expansion of villages and towns were respectively 183.67 km2, 699.04 km2, 1072.281 km2, 1006.79 km2 and 576.47 km2. The suitability of spatial expansion of each township was obviously different. The predominant land use areas of villages and towns were mainly distributed in Zhaishi Miao and Dong Township and Changpu Town in the south, and Shuikou Township and Jinwutang in the north Towns, etc. Dominant agricultural land areas were mainly distributed in the northeast of Tangjiafang, Huangtu Mine, Hongyan and other towns. The dominant ecological land area was relatively large, and the distribution was relatively scattered. The types of areas with obvious potential land use conflicts were the general conflict areas and intensified conflict areas, among which the general conflict areas were the largest, accounting for nearly half of the total area, and the intense conflict areas were the smallest. The areas of intense conflicts between villages and towns and agriculture, and the areas with intense conflicts between ecology and agriculture were all relatively small.
Abstract: Suining County of Shaoyang City, Hunan Province, was used as a suitability evaluation system from two aspects of natural and human factors including 12 indicators. The analytic hierarchy process and multi-factor weighted evaluation model were adopted to carry out the evaluation of the suitability of the spatial expansion of villages and towns for c...
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Natura 2000: The European Way Towards Sustainability
Jesús María Garayo Urruela
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
225-233
Received:
28 August 2021
Accepted:
14 October 2021
Published:
29 October 2021
Abstract: Since the entry into force of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) on 9 June 1994, the Natura 2000 Network has become the tool conceived by the Community authorities to lead the implementation of the environmental commitments on European territory, to which they were bound in application of their accession to international conventions. Natura 2000 pursues the conservation of biodiversity in Europe by harmonizing the conservation of natural heritage with the support and promotion of traditional human activities. The Habitats Directive formulated the principles, objectives, management measures and procedures to preserve, maintain or, where appropriate, restore biological diversity, which each State was subsequently responsible for transferring to the jurisdiction. The standard does not impose any specific method to be used in the designation of the sites, the type of management to be developed or the measures to be implemented, but it does establish control mechanisms over their application. The designation of a Natura 2000 site provides an invaluable opportunity to stimulate the sustainable rural development of the area and to promote plans and activities compatible with the conservation of habitats and protected species. Dialogue and concertation are the mechanisms to be put into practice when it comes to resolving conflicts arising from the design of management models that articulate the recovery of the environmental heritage. The model by which the Natura 2000 Network has been implemented so far in Spain, and specifically in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, has been based on technocratic-formal processes. The inclusion of the area in the Natura 2000 network tends to be perceived by the inhabitants of the rural world as a bureaucratized process, disconnected from local plans and collective projects. The considerable delay in the designation of areas protected by the Natura 2000 network has contributed to the delay in adopting appropriate measures to promote biodiversity and achieve the objective of halting biodiversity loss in Europe in the short term. Despite having redoubled efforts in favor of conservation, the processes of environmental degradation have been increasing.
Abstract: Since the entry into force of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) on 9 June 1994, the Natura 2000 Network has become the tool conceived by the Community authorities to lead the implementation of the environmental commitments on European territory, to which they were bound in application of their accession to international conventions. Natura 2000 pu...
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Utilizing ERT and GPR to Distinguish Structures Maleficence the Constructions in the New Administrative Capital, Egypt
Adel Kotb,
Alhussein Adham Basheer,
Ahmed Nasser,
Mohamed Ramah
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
234-243
Received:
15 September 2021
Accepted:
11 October 2021
Published:
29 October 2021
Abstract: The new administrative capital (NAC), as decided by the Egyptian government's proposed planning, is placed 45 kilometers east of Cairo. According to Egyptian government strategies, this city will be the country's future governmental and economic hub. Ministries, crucial government agencies, and sectors are all expected to be represented on the site. The future capital's total land area is around 700 square kilometers. It is projected that there are five million people living there, this population could rise to seven million people. The skyscrapers sector in the New Administrative Capital is the subject of the research. To detect near-surface structures at the chosen building site, nine Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profiles and twenty-four Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) profiles were used in this study. After the necessary and appropriate processing, the results that extrapolated from all measured profiles of both tools, demonstrated that the research region can be separated into two different shallow layers. The (Higher Miocene) sandy limestone rock makes up the main first surface layer with thickness about 4 meters. The second layer consists of silty shale rock with thickness about 12 meters in some places. This The most obvious features that had an impact on building were normal faults in the WNW and ENE directions, with minor fractures between them, as well as a few shale lenses can reach diameters of 3 to 4 meters. Additionally, the retrieved findings from the two geophysical tools demonstrate that the shape and thickness of the inferred layers are in satisfactory correlation.
Abstract: The new administrative capital (NAC), as decided by the Egyptian government's proposed planning, is placed 45 kilometers east of Cairo. According to Egyptian government strategies, this city will be the country's future governmental and economic hub. Ministries, crucial government agencies, and sectors are all expected to be represented on the site...
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