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Evolution of Human Civilization: Sun Galaxy
Semen Gordeev,
Victoria Voloshina
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 5, October 2020
Pages:
143-147
Received:
15 July 2020
Accepted:
17 August 2020
Published:
14 September 2020
Abstract: The development of the Earth's civilization has reached a level when the question arose about the future prospects for the preservation and development of human civilization. The geological past-catastrophes-indicate the destruction of 95% of all biodiversity every 60 million years. Geological catastrophes are associated with the annihilation of planets when they fall into the black hole of the Sun. There are 6 million years left before the fall of the planet Mercury into the black hole of the Sun. At the same time, it is important to take into account the preparedness of the biosphere of the planet Mars for its possible colonization. Colonization of Mars should not destroy the biosphere of Mars, otherwise the meaning of colonization will be lost. The article is a continuation of the monograph and a series of articles by the authors on the global development of the solar system and the motion of planets in spiral orbits [12, 14, 16]. In this article has two directions in substantiating the correctness of his explanation of the origin of human civilization:-evolutionary according to Darwin,-and let's call it divine-everything is created by God. Both of these directions do not have sufficient grounds to exclude an ambiguous interpretation of the origin of man in civilization. However, when planning the development of civilization, it is important to take into account not only the capabilities of the civilization itself, but also the opportunities given by God -that is, a natural evolutionary process that creates a material basis for the implementation of both directions. The article deals with the issues of the origin of biodiversity on planets in certain orbits. The need to prepare human civilization for the transition to Mars is predicted when this planet reaches its optimal orbit.
Abstract: The development of the Earth's civilization has reached a level when the question arose about the future prospects for the preservation and development of human civilization. The geological past-catastrophes-indicate the destruction of 95% of all biodiversity every 60 million years. Geological catastrophes are associated with the annihilation of pl...
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Predictive Mapping of the Mineral Potential Using Geophysical and Remote Sensing Datasets in Parts of Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, North-Central Nigeria
Ejepu Jude Steven,
Abdullahi Suleiman,
Abdulfatai Asema Ibrahim,
Umar Mohammed Umar
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 5, October 2020
Pages:
148-163
Received:
23 July 2020
Accepted:
22 August 2020
Published:
17 September 2020
Abstract: Mineral Prospectivity Mapping (MPM) is a multi-step process that ranks a promising target area for more exploration. This is achieved by integrating multiple geoscience datasets using mathematical tools to determine spatial relationships with known mineral occurrences in a GIS environment to produce mineral prospectivity map. The study area lies within Latitudes 9° 00ʹ N to 9° 15ʹ N and 6° 45ʹ to 7° 00ʹ E and is underlain by rocks belonging to the Basement Complex of Nigeria which include migmatitc gneiss, schist, granite and alluvium. The datasets used in this study consist of aeromagnetic, aeroradiometric, structural, satellite remote sensing and geological datasets. Published geologic map of the Sheet 185 Paiko SE was used to extract lithologic and structural information. Landsat images were used to delineate hydroxyl and iron-oxide alterations to identify linear structures and prospective zones at regional scales. ASTER images were used to extract mineral indices of the OH-bearing minerals including alunite, kaolinite, muscovite and montmorillonite to separate mineralized parts of the alteration zones. Aeromagnetic data were interpreted and derivative maps of First Vertical Derivative, Tilt derivative and Analytic signal were used to map magnetic lineaments and other structural attributes while the aeroradiometric dataset was used to map hydrothermally altered zones. These processed datasets were then integrated using Fuzzy Logic modelling to produce a final mineral prospectivity map of the area. The result of the model accurately predicted known deposits and highlighted areas where further detailed exploration may be conducted.
Abstract: Mineral Prospectivity Mapping (MPM) is a multi-step process that ranks a promising target area for more exploration. This is achieved by integrating multiple geoscience datasets using mathematical tools to determine spatial relationships with known mineral occurrences in a GIS environment to produce mineral prospectivity map. The study area lies wi...
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Transgressive Sills and Lateral Lava Flows: On the Visual Observation of Igneous Sheets in Rugged Mountainous Terrains and the Optical Illusion Factor
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 5, October 2020
Pages:
164-177
Received:
15 August 2020
Accepted:
4 September 2020
Published:
17 September 2020
Abstract: Transgressive sills are of common occurrences in rift-related offshore and onshore sedimentary settings worldwide and have been reported in onshore volcanic settings in e.g. flood basalt provinces as well. General geometries of individual sills and of entire sill complexes too are well documented from seismic images in many offshore sedimentary settings of exploration interest, but limitations in seismic resolution may inhibit correct interpretations when it comes to small-scale structures and evidences on sill intrusion modes. Hence, relevant and important details and clues on intrusion mechanisms during emplacement of sheet intrusions, which may be unclear or missing in seismic images from offshore sedimentary basins, can to some degree be clarified by means of thorough visual examination and measurements on exposed onshore sills and sill complexes. In the actual study, relevant visual observations and measurements of the Streymoy Sill and its feeders in particular and to a lesser degree the Eysturoy Sill of the Faroe Islands, as well as some local lava flows, are scrutinised in order to demonstrate the importance of correct and detailed mapping, associated measurements and interpretations at exposed sill margins. The actual study chiefly focuses on potential optical illusion factors, not uncommon for sheet intrusions in rugged mountainous terrain, and potential associated misinterpretations. It is shown that unless due care is taken in assuring that sub-horizontal visual observations from some distance in such terrains are duly accompanied by other observations in the sub-vertical and/or sub-lateral plane at other angles as well, i.e. proper 3-D considerations, noticeable errors could result, when it comes to interpretations on intrusion mechanisms and possible regional stresses that prevailed during emplacement of such sheet-like igneous bodies.
Abstract: Transgressive sills are of common occurrences in rift-related offshore and onshore sedimentary settings worldwide and have been reported in onshore volcanic settings in e.g. flood basalt provinces as well. General geometries of individual sills and of entire sill complexes too are well documented from seismic images in many offshore sedimentary set...
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Geochemistry and Mantle Potential Temperature of Late Cenozoic Basaltic Rocks from the Northern and Western Continental Margins of the South China Sea
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 5, October 2020
Pages:
178-191
Received:
9 August 2020
Accepted:
25 August 2020
Published:
21 September 2020
Abstract: Deep dynamic processes of the evolution of the South China Sea (SCS) are recorded by the large-scale magmatism in the SCS and its surrounding regions. The geochemical analysis of whole-rock and olivine phenocryst was conducted on the Late Cenozoic basaltic rocks, which are exposed in the continental margins of the northern (the Leiqiong Area) and western (the Kontum Area) SCS. Consistent geochemical characteristics were shown on the basaltic rocks based on the results, which are similar to OIB from intra-plate environment. Mantle potential temperature (Tp ) was measured by MgO of parental magma compositions and by olivine-liquid equilibria thermometry, with an average of 1489°C beneath the Leizhou Peninsula, 1555°C beneath the Northern Hainan and 1458°C beneath the Kontum Area. Compared with Tp of SCS MORB, the mantle excess temperature is about 78–175°C in the studied areas. The highest excess temperature within typical plume-affected regions. Our results provide the evidence based on temperature for the existence of the Hainan Plume. The data of highest Tp under the North Hainan may indicate the upper reaches of mantle plume. The mantle source of post-spreading magmatism in SCS and its surrounding region is likely to be correlated to that of pre-spreading volcanic activities in the northern continental margins.
Abstract: Deep dynamic processes of the evolution of the South China Sea (SCS) are recorded by the large-scale magmatism in the SCS and its surrounding regions. The geochemical analysis of whole-rock and olivine phenocryst was conducted on the Late Cenozoic basaltic rocks, which are exposed in the continental margins of the northern (the Leiqiong Area) and w...
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Time Evolution Characteristics of Land Use and Industrial Structures: A Case Study of Yichun City, South China
Wei Huang,
Xiaojun Dong,
Ru Liu
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 5, October 2020
Pages:
192-200
Received:
2 September 2020
Accepted:
22 September 2020
Published:
29 September 2020
Abstract: With the rapid progress of urbanization in China, its industrial structure presents a diversified development tendency and land resources are becoming scarcer. Focusing on the relationship between land use and industrial structures is conducive to promoting the intensive use of land resources and realizing sustainable socio-economic development. This study selected the city of Yichun as a case of the average level of development of Jiangxi Province, south China. We applied the structural change rate and deviation coefficient indices, combined with mathematical statistical methods, to explore the time dynamic correlation characteristics between land use and industrial structures in this region from 2000 to 2017. The results show that: (1) The evolution of land structures lags behind the growth of the gross domestic product (GDP); (2) secondary industries are predominant in Yichun's industrial structure, with tertiary industries growing rapidly and the proportion of primary industries declining—and therefore, the level of economic development of this region is in an “intermediate” stage; (3) there is a significant positive correlation between industrial structures and land use structures, and the latter lags behind the former. On this basis, we summarize several problems and propose corresponding measures: (1) Strengthen the macro-control of land; (2) improve the allocation and utilization of land resources; (3) deepen the concept of intensive land use.
Abstract: With the rapid progress of urbanization in China, its industrial structure presents a diversified development tendency and land resources are becoming scarcer. Focusing on the relationship between land use and industrial structures is conducive to promoting the intensive use of land resources and realizing sustainable socio-economic development. Th...
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Current Dynamics of Hydric Erosion in the Kingouari, Mfilou and Djoué Watersheds in the Southwestern Part of Brazzaville City (Congo)
Jean de Dieu Nzila,
Noel Watha-Ndoudy,
Delestras Kaya-Mabiala,
Pierre Mboungou-Nsompi,
Dieudonne Louembe,
Victor Kimpouni,
Marie Joseph Samba Kimbata
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 5, October 2020
Pages:
201-209
Received:
26 August 2020
Accepted:
15 September 2020
Published:
12 October 2020
Abstract: The objective of this study is to quantify soil losses in the Kinsoundi 16A district, located in the Kingouari, Mfilou and Djoué watersheds. The aim is to highlight the current dynamic of water erosion in this southwestern part of Brazzaville's urban area and to evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures used. The methodological approach adopted was based on: (i) the measurement of the evolution of the soil surface, using profilometers placed on the 12 main roads in the district where 68 measurement points have been installed, (ii) the three-dimensional measurement (volume) of 22 ravines and gullies that incise the district, (iii) the measurement of slopes along arteries using a clinometer, (iv) the inventory of facilities used to control soil erosion, (v) interviews with populations to understand the history of the phenomenon and the control methods used. The soil losses by surface stripping, measured on 12 roads from 2007 to 2010, are 78.1 t/ha. A destruction of 4.7 ha of land, or 2% of the Kinsoundi 16A territory and 94,247 t/ha of land, was removed from these watersheds in 20 years by the 22 ravines. The aggressive nature of this dynamic is explained by the combination of the following natural and anthropogenic factors: frequent rains (≥ 15 days/month) very erosive with a Rusa index of 287 to 866 points, sandy soils with more than 90%, without cohesion and fragile, densification of the habitat on the ground (2 houses on average per plot of 400 m2), resulting in increased waterproofing of surfaces and responsible for the current erosive runoff, the absence of channels to canalize and control runoff, hence roads transformed into storm water collectors. The control measures used by the populations are inadequate and therefore not very effective (bags of soil that can be degraded in three months, used tires, solid waste dumped at the head of the ravines). Those financed by the State are expensive gabions but of limited effectiveness around the treated ravine. It is therefore imperative to treat the entire district as a risk watershed, by strengthening its vulnerable sectors and by building and developing a coherent system to control rainwater runoff. These curative measures must be underpinned by preventive actions that are more effective and less expensive.
Abstract: The objective of this study is to quantify soil losses in the Kinsoundi 16A district, located in the Kingouari, Mfilou and Djoué watersheds. The aim is to highlight the current dynamic of water erosion in this southwestern part of Brazzaville's urban area and to evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures used. The methodological approach ad...
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Pre-stack Anisotropy Fractures Detection Based on OVT Domain Gather Data and Its Application in Ultra-deep Burial Carbonate Rocks
Xiangwen Li,
Jingye Li,
Yonglei Liu,
Peiling Ma,
Jiaoying Bi,
Liangliang Zhang,
Hongbo Zhou,
Yiren Chen,
Lei Zhang
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 5, October 2020
Pages:
210-218
Received:
22 March 2020
Accepted:
10 April 2020
Published:
22 October 2020
Abstract: There are abundant fracture cave reservoirs wrapped in Ordovician tight limestone in the Tarim Basin, with an average buried depth of 7000m. The connectivity analysis of fracture-porous systems and hydrocarbon-bearing analysis has essential roles in the deployment of high-efficiency wells of the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tazhong and Tabei areas of Tarim Basin, as they are the major targets for increasing production. However, in the previous researches, the pre-stack fractures’ prediction and the oil/gas detection results using conventional processing data were lack of accuracy, which failed to complete the need of high-precision exploration and development. Firstly, the paper systematically analyzes the characteristics of azimuthal anisotropy analysis using conventional processing seismic data. Then it explains the process of selecting data, which is capable to meticulous reflect anisotropy characteristics of the formation and contains uniformed coverage to improve convergent results of elliptical fitting. Finally, the paper focuses on the three steps of operating azimuthal anisotropic pre-stack fracture detection using common reflection angle gather and receiving a reliable result. Practice demonstrates that using common reflection angle gathers during research of fractures in carbonate rock has a distinctive effect, which can provide a decisive basis for the layout of high-efficiency well groups in the development block.
Abstract: There are abundant fracture cave reservoirs wrapped in Ordovician tight limestone in the Tarim Basin, with an average buried depth of 7000m. The connectivity analysis of fracture-porous systems and hydrocarbon-bearing analysis has essential roles in the deployment of high-efficiency wells of the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tazhong and Ta...
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Comparison of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Capita Per Year Among Countries Considering Methane Emissions
Zhang Yu,
Su Mingshan,
Yang Shanshan
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 5, October 2020
Pages:
219-226
Received:
21 August 2020
Accepted:
15 September 2020
Published:
27 October 2020
Abstract: The cumulative emissions of CO2 and CH4 had a great impact on the global climate, and the responsibility of countries around the world to achieve greenhouse gas (GHG) emission control goals should be based on the concept of fairness and sustainable development. In this paper, from the perspective of interpersonal equity, based on the annual GHG emissions per capita, using the CO2 and CH4 emissions data of 23 major countries from 1961 to 2017, the ratio for GHG emission per capita per year and the ratio for carbon dioxide emission per capita per year in various countries were calculated with 1961 and 1990 as the starting years, the countries were also sequenced and sorted to analyze the extent to which major countries occupy limited global emissions space at different time scales and GHG ranges. The results showed that the ratio of GHG emission per capita per year in developed countries such as the United States and Canada were far higher than the world average, China was significantly lower than the average, India was much lower than the average. In addition, lengthening the time scale and incorporating the methane emissions from the planting and breeding industry (agriculture activities) had a significant impact on the the ratio of GHGemission per capita and national classification. It can be more conducive to judge the world's average annual GHG emissions, reflect the global emission space occupied by each countries comprehensively and objectively, and scientifically support policymakers in formulating action plan for GHGemission reduction and control, which was of practical significance.
Abstract: The cumulative emissions of CO2 and CH4 had a great impact on the global climate, and the responsibility of countries around the world to achieve greenhouse gas (GHG) emission control goals should be based on the concept of fairness and sustainable development. In this paper, from the perspective of interpersonal equity, based on the annual GHG emi...
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