-
Research Article
Transitioning from Ashes and Devastations Towards Community Resilience: The Post-genocide Rwanda’s Experience
Theogene Bangwanubusa*
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
163-173
Received:
5 June 2026
Accepted:
22 June 2026
Published:
17 July 2026
Abstract: The 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi marked the worst cruelty that humankind had ever experienced until the 20th century. Latent seeds of cultural violence openly exploded in most vulnerable areas when multiparty politics kicked off in late 1980s in Rwanda. The politicization and manipulation of identity widely won the ground and further resulted in clear dichotomization around two identity groups - that is, Hutu and Tutsi. In Murambi, for instance, district-level leaders most involved in political networks played an instrumental role to rally existing immigrants of Hutu origin in favor of government-led effort to exterminate the Tutsi. In the timeframe of 100 days, Rwanda was turned into ashes and profound devastations. Loss of hope was spread everywhere until resilience, in practice, remained a difficult-to imagine concept afterwards. This paper is a reflection on the direction that community resilience has been taking since the post-genocide period, with strong emphasis on the magnitude of cruelty individual areas (or selected case studies) have gone through. It answers a key question on whether the depth of this magnitude correlates, or not, to the pace with which the recovery process from ashes and devastations has been so far taking place. To do so, the paper investigated some case studies most severely affected to gauge their respective adaptive capabilities to adjust to post-genocide policies predominantly implemented to give a push to the above-stated process. Out of the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the four-pillar model for adaptive capacities helped the entire research process to analyze existing potentials likely to support sustained community resilience. While some external observers seemingly thought that the more severely affected the case studies were, the less adaptative capabilities would be effective and, finally, the more community resilience would be a slow process. An intensive examination of physiological needs and safety and security needs targeted Murambi, Kiramuruzi, and Kiziguro, out of which self-reporting testimonies and existing statistics strongly support remarkable levels of community resilience. Thus, the above-stated case studies have steadily grown resilient in the post-genocide period despite of diverse challenges that continue to metamorphose. Furthermore, they perfectly align with the national level of recovery, following an integrated, equitable and inclusive planning. As the paper concludes, it connects this overall finding to visionary and proactive leadership, as opposed to earlier cycles of ineffecient leadership that marked post-independent styles of governance.
Abstract: The 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi marked the worst cruelty that humankind had ever experienced until the 20th century. Latent seeds of cultural violence openly exploded in most vulnerable areas when multiparty politics kicked off in late 1980s in Rwanda. The politicization and manipulation of identity widely won the ground and further resulted in...
Show More
-
Research Article
Report of Irregular Flowering by Some Mango Trees in Awka: Possible Link with Climate Change, Implications for Food Security and Breed Selection
Obiano Emmanuel Chukwuma*
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
174-179
Received:
15 June 2026
Accepted:
1 July 2026
Published:
22 July 2026
Abstract: Serious concern has been expressed of the likelihood that climate change will aggravate in the future and its possible escalating impact on society, including diminishing agricultural yields. Mango is widely known to be vulnerable to changes in climate variables. This study aimed to add to our understanding of climate change by observing patterns of irregular flowering and fruiting by some mongo trees in Awka, Nigeria. It was found, among others, that short spells of dryness occurring during the rainy seasons disrupted the usual pattern of flowering and fruiting, and exerted a ‘miscarriage effect’ on the mango trees that reduced subsequent yields, even the yields of the usual fruiting seasons. The implications, among others, are that late-flowering / late-fruiting varieties of mango trees appear to be more resistant to the vagaries of climate change. They appear also to record narrower gaps between expected yield and actual yield. Hence, they appear to present better potentials for food security and breed selection in order to promote resilience against possible worsening effect of climate change in future. More research is needed to establish this observed notion of ‘miscarriage effect’, as well as establish comparison between early- and late-flowering / fruiting varieties. Similar research and emerging knowledge may be replicated for other trees and crops.
Abstract: Serious concern has been expressed of the likelihood that climate change will aggravate in the future and its possible escalating impact on society, including diminishing agricultural yields. Mango is widely known to be vulnerable to changes in climate variables. This study aimed to add to our understanding of climate change by observing patterns o...
Show More
-
Research Article
Economic Potentials of Migmatites Around Nabardo Area, Bauchi Northeastern Nigeria
Johnson Kayode Ayeni*
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
180-192
Received:
24 July 2026
Accepted:
5 August 2026
Published:
20 August 2026
Abstract: This study investigates the Nabardo area, northeastern Nigeria for the economical potentials of the migmatites. Field evidence suggests that the study area has undergone an episode of metamorphism and deformations as depicted by the structural features like preferred orientation of the mineralogical and lithologic units. At least two deformational episodes (D1 and D2) which produced S1 and S2 planar fabrics. It was also observed from the field measurements, that the main structural trend within the study area is NNE/SSW. Representative rock samples were divides into several groups. From these groups, selected samples were studied under thin section and analyzed for XRF geochemistry. The petrographic study under thin section reveals the presence of felsic magma with identification of mineral suites of K- feldspar, biotite, quartz and accessory minerals like Zircon and garnet, indicating high grade of metamorphism. Geochemistry data plotted on major tectonic discrimination diagrams gives tholeiite and calc alkaline nature for the protolith of the selected samples. Based on the geochemical plots and REE signatures, fractional crystallization alone cannot account for these migmatites but rather partial melting and metamorphic differentiation are the major source of these migmatites. They are formed by partial melting of mafic rich protolith that were formed during the Pan-African orogeny. Using the first and second order classification of Sawyer, as a guide for morphological classification of the migmatites in the study area, the migmatites are grouped into metatexites, diatexites and nebulites. Results obtained from the geochemistry using concentration map inferred mineralization potential of Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn) and industrial minerals.
Abstract: This study investigates the Nabardo area, northeastern Nigeria for the economical potentials of the migmatites. Field evidence suggests that the study area has undergone an episode of metamorphism and deformations as depicted by the structural features like preferred orientation of the mineralogical and lithologic units. At least two deformational ...
Show More
-
Research Article
Subsurface Lithostratigraphic Characterization Using Integrated Log and Cross-Plot Analysis: Re-evaluation of a Borehole in Chirirbandar, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Nazmun Nahar,
Mst Sirajum Monira,
Md. Selim Reza,
Mohammad Zohir Uddin,
Sultana Nasrin Nury,
Mohammad Ferozur Rahaman*
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
193-204
Received:
19 May 2026
Accepted:
15 June 2026
Published:
22 August 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.20261504.14
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This research represents a detailed Litho-stratigraphic characterization of Precambrian basement complex by integrating geophysical log and drilling data of GDH-76 from technical reports of the Geological Survey of Bangladesh (GSB). It is a re-evaluation of a Borehole data by interpreting drilling parameter and interval-averaged geophysical log data. A high-resolution petro-physical “fingerprint” of the Northwestern Bangladesh basement complex is identified by integrated cross-plot analysis. This study delineates a six subsurface zones by correlated Rate of Penetration (ROP), Percentage of Core Recovery, Magnetic Susceptibility, Gamma-Resistivity signatures. The Result shows a distinct 6 meter weathered transition zone (200-206 m) characterized by low core recovery (45%) and moderate ROP (1.02 m/hr). The basement entry at 206 m is marked by moderate to high (0.46 to 1.1 m/hr) in ROP and moderate resistivity (72.5 ohm-m) indicating weathered condition. Notable feature include a 15-meter thick magnetic anomaly zone (295-310 m), identified with a peak susceptibility of 1130 cgs unit, suggesting a mineralization zone. Moreover, a high-gamma unit (318-336 m) exhibiting a value of 375 cps (peak value) with extremely low ROP (0.132 m/hr) indicates a high strength potassium-rich felsic lithology. Furthermore, the research also pinpointed the F39 fault boundary between two boreholes.
Abstract: This research represents a detailed Litho-stratigraphic characterization of Precambrian basement complex by integrating geophysical log and drilling data of GDH-76 from technical reports of the Geological Survey of Bangladesh (GSB). It is a re-evaluation of a Borehole data by interpreting drilling parameter and interval-averaged geophysical log dat...
Show More
-
Review Article
Crustal Evolution of the Southern Part of the
Toumodi-Fetekro Belt: Petro-Structural Study of the Geological Formations of Anikro Hill (Côte d’Ivoire, WAC)
Brice Roland Kouassi*,
Yao Honore Koffi,
Kouadio David Koffi,
Marc Ephrem Allialy
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
205-215
Received:
18 July 2026
Accepted:
27 July 2026
Published:
22 August 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.20261504.15
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: The Anikro hill chain is located in the southern part of the Toumodi–Fetekro greenstone belt, specifically northeast of Anikro village. This study aims to improve the understanding of the petrography, structural geology, and associated mineralization of the Anikro hill chain. To achieve this objective, a petro-structural investigation of the different geological formations was carried out. Field observations combined with petrographic examination under the microscope enabled the identification and characterization of the various mineral parageneses. The brittle and ductile deformation structures recognized in the field were used to construct rosette diagrams in order to determine the principal structural trends. The lithologies identified in the Anikro area are exclusively igneous rocks, including plutonic rocks (granite and diorite), dykes rocks (microdiorite and aplite), and volcanosedimentary rocks (cinerite, tuff, and volcanic breccia). The diorite, microdiorite, and volcanosedimentary rocks originated from basic magmatism and were subsequently intruded by a granitic pluton derived from late-stage acidic magmatism. These rock units were affected by low-grade metamorphism corresponding to the greenschist facies. Structurally, three deformation mechanisms were identified: brittle deformation, folding, and shearing. The dominant fracture orientation within the study area is NNE.
Abstract: The Anikro hill chain is located in the southern part of the Toumodi–Fetekro greenstone belt, specifically northeast of Anikro village. This study aims to improve the understanding of the petrography, structural geology, and associated mineralization of the Anikro hill chain. To achieve this objective, a petro-structural investigation of the differ...
Show More
