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Investigating Rainstorm Disturbance on Suspended Substance in Coastal Coral Reef Water Based on MODIS Imagery and Field Measurements
Weiqi Chen,
Xuelian Meng,
Shuisen Chen,
Jia Liu
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, April 2018
Pages:
42-52
Received:
6 August 2017
Accepted:
25 September 2017
Published:
3 February 2018
Abstract: From July 11-12, 2009, the tropical storm Soudeler swept the study area with a Level 8 wind and disturbed the suspended substance in this coastal area, which may have caused some fatal impact on the health condition of coral reef in Xuwen coral reef coast located in Leizhou Peninsula of South China. In order to evaluate the impact of extreme weather on coral reef, this study applied and validated a TSS model to map the TSS variation based on red and infrared spectral bands of MODIS data through one before-storm and two after-storm images after applying the atmospheric correction of in-water linear regression analysis. By mapping and comparing the changes of TSS values before- and after- tropical storm, this study found substantial increases of TSS concentrations as a mean value of 47.8 mg/L (~3.6 times of mean TSS value before rainstorm) in the area during the passage of tropical storm compared to those under no-storm condition. Besides, the TSS returned back to even lower values five days after the passage of tropical storm as a mean value of 3.6mg/L (~one quarter of mean TSS value (13.4 mg/L) before rainstorm). The conclusion was made that the TSS concentration in estuary and coastal areas under local rainstorm tends to return to a normal level faster (approximately 2.5 days) than under a hurricane [1] or tropical storm as discovered in this study (approximately 5 days). Compared to the less frequent and non-synoptic in-situ field sampling approach, the synoptic and frequent sampling facilitated by frequent remote sensing imagery of MODIS provides an improved assessment of TSS concentration and two-dimensional distribution patterns and is recommended to be used as a valuable tool for frequently monitoring coral reef water quality in coastal water bodies of China and other areas in the world if applicable.
Abstract: From July 11-12, 2009, the tropical storm Soudeler swept the study area with a Level 8 wind and disturbed the suspended substance in this coastal area, which may have caused some fatal impact on the health condition of coral reef in Xuwen coral reef coast located in Leizhou Peninsula of South China. In order to evaluate the impact of extreme weathe...
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Salt and Methane Generation Initiated by Membrane Polarisation
Zoltán Unger,
David Leclair
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, April 2018
Pages:
53-57
Received:
8 December 2017
Accepted:
23 January 2018
Published:
9 February 2018
Abstract: The existence of deep marine hypersaline anoxic basins (DHAB) has been well-documented starting with the MedRiff Project in the Eastern Mediterranean. We suppose that there is analogy between the recent and ancient DHABs. This premise allows us to hypothesize that some methane accumulations in geological reservoirs may have been generated by historical euryhaline bacteria. The extreme life conditions of the bacteria and the facieses, as found in currently existing supersaturated salt brines DHABs, may have also existed in the geological past. Since salt basins overlap some of the most productive gas provinces, this article aims to introduce a new approach to salt and methane generation. It highlights the need to reconsider the classical approach to salt and methane generation due to new observations. Hereby we describe a new mechanism for DHAB generation due to membrane polarization. These phenomena generate a surface on which seawater of normal salinity meets the underneath brine of high salinity, and there is no diffusion between them. Hence we presume that non-crystalized, over-pressured, salty brine is the appropriate material to trap and host methane. Following overburden by deposited basin sediments, this viscous, gas-saturated brine can be an engine for diapir formation, which is prior to the crystalline phase. This new idea redefines our search for salt and methane deposits yet it requires further research and consideration, along with the new approach of salt diapir formation in specific salt basins.
Abstract: The existence of deep marine hypersaline anoxic basins (DHAB) has been well-documented starting with the MedRiff Project in the Eastern Mediterranean. We suppose that there is analogy between the recent and ancient DHABs. This premise allows us to hypothesize that some methane accumulations in geological reservoirs may have been generated by histor...
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Research on Paleogeography Recovery of "Impact Point" Based on “Collisions Aggregation Effect”
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, April 2018
Pages:
58-63
Received:
21 January 2018
Accepted:
3 February 2018
Published:
5 March 2018
Abstract: In 2015 and 2018, the author put forward the new hypothesis of the origin to the Emeishan LIP based on the “Collisions Aggregation Effect” of a Meteorite Impact. Under the guidance of this hypothesis, the author and his team collected a large number of domestic and international researches on Emeishan LIP and paleogeography, it is concluded that: 1. The main eruptive period of ELIP is at the P/Tr boundary period, about 257Ma. Its main distribution is located at 4°S, 152°E or 4°S, 110°E, located in YZ Block of the Southwest China, and is the marine facies eruption. 2. Based on the “Collisions Aggregation Effect”, the author proposed that the "impact point" is located in the 4°N, 28°W or 4°N, 70°W at the P/Tr boundary period, and is the marine sedimentary environment; 3. Combined with the "impact point" paleogeographic location, put forward located in the Atlantic Ocean of the northeastern Brazil or Colombia now; 4. The author believes that the"impact point" just in the oceans at the P/Tr boundary period, It is possible that the "impact point" of a meteorite is located exactly in the Panthalassic Ocean, resulting in an extensive regression, significant sea level declines, over 90% of marine life, and nearly 70% of the land extinction? 5. The authors will further study and analyze the evolution of the Panthalassic Ocean in the hope of gaining some ground from it, hoping to find evidence to verify the "impact point" and hope that interested researchers can join in to participate in the work.
Abstract: In 2015 and 2018, the author put forward the new hypothesis of the origin to the Emeishan LIP based on the “Collisions Aggregation Effect” of a Meteorite Impact. Under the guidance of this hypothesis, the author and his team collected a large number of domestic and international researches on Emeishan LIP and paleogeography, it is concluded that: 1...
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Study on the Relationship Between Deccan LIPs and Chicxulub Crater Based on "Collisions Aggregation Effect"
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, April 2018
Pages:
64-73
Received:
2 February 2018
Accepted:
24 February 2018
Published:
20 March 2018
Abstract: Based on the previous studies, the author has proposed that the "Collisions Aggregation Effect" by the impact of a celestial body in the geological academic circles, which can lead to the endogenic process of the "collisions aggregation point", the formation of volcanic eruptions and even the formation of LIPs. According to the principle of physics, this article further theoretically enriched the content of "Collisions Aggregation Effect" on the previous work and put forward the linear "Collisions Aggregation Effect" and nonlinear "Collisions Aggregation Effect". On the basis of the global paleo-plate and paleogeographic data, this paper takes the Deccan LIPs and the Chicxulub crater as the research objects and conducts the research work based on the "Collisions Aggregation Effect". The main conclusions are as follows: 1. The main eruption time of the Deccan LIPs is 66 Ma, while the Chicxulub crater was formed at about 65 Ma in approximate time; 2. At 65 Ma, the Deccan LIPs are located at 35°S, 65°E, while the Chicxulub Crater is located at 20°N, 50°W, both of which have the characteristics of the distribution of nonlinear "Collisions Aggregation Effect" on the Earth; 3. A Severe meteorite impact occurred at the Chicxulub crater in the Gulf of Mexico, causing "Collisions Aggregation Effect", which may be an important reason for the formation of the Deccan LIPs; 4. The velocity vector direction of the Chicxulub meteorite may not be exactly pointing to the Earth's center, but is a little south-easterly direction; 5. Using the "Collisions Aggregation Effect" for the "impact point" or "collisions aggregation point" geographic location constraints, but also should taking into account the celestial body impact velocity vector direction; 6. May be precisely because of the meteorite impact and the Deccan LIPs formed by the "Collisions Aggregation Effect" of the Chicxulub crater impact caused the massive dinosaur-based mass extinctions at the 65 Ma of the K/T boundary and accelerated the Indian Plate drift.
Abstract: Based on the previous studies, the author has proposed that the "Collisions Aggregation Effect" by the impact of a celestial body in the geological academic circles, which can lead to the endogenic process of the "collisions aggregation point", the formation of volcanic eruptions and even the formation of LIPs. According to the principle of physics...
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Mineralogical and Physico-Chemical Characterization of Clayey Materials of Meka'a (West Cameroon) Preliminary Step for Their Utilization for Human Ingestion
Stève Aurèle Douola Ninla,
Armand Sylvain Ludovic Wouatong,
Serge Tchounang Kouonang,
Bernard Yerima,
Daniel Njopwouo
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, April 2018
Pages:
74-85
Received:
20 February 2018
Accepted:
7 March 2018
Published:
29 March 2018
Abstract: Discovery of new geophagic clayey deposit in the locality of Meka'a contributed to the apparition of new species of geophagic clay materials in the local market. Due to the fact that positive or negative effects of geophagia are conditioned by physico-chemical, mineralogical and geochemical properties of the clay soil ingested, it is therefore necessary to mineralogically and physico-chemically characterize these clayey materials in order to ascertain their health implications. X ray diffractometry (XRD), X ray fluorescence (XRF), particles size distribution, pH and cation exchance capacity (CEC) are the main analyses carried out with these materials. The results show that the clayey materials of Meka’a are extremely weathered and maybe as a result of the weathering of ignimbritic flows. Two main species (yellow and red) of this clay soil are identified on the basis of their colour, mineralogy and physico-chemical characteristic. Analysis of samples of these two types of materials shows that Meka’a clayey materials are mainly made up of kaolinite (64-87%) and goethite (6-25%). These two minerals greatly influence the properties of these materials. Abundance of kaolinite in this clayey mineral assemblage could be of benefit in the protection of gastro intestinal tract resulting from ingestion of soils with high clay content. These clayey soils have a lower CEC and cannot cause cations deficiency in the digestive tract. Their acidic pH makes them suitable for use as remedy for relief of nausea and to curb salivation associated with pregnancy. No dental enamel or gastro-intestinal tract damage was to be feared when ingesting Meka’a clayey soils and their great abundance in Zn could be of benefit to geophagic individuals. However, possibility of Fe supplementation of the clayey soils of Meka’a may be very low considering low ferric hydroxide content and the fact that only a part of Fe present in the clayey soil can be released in the digestive tract.
Abstract: Discovery of new geophagic clayey deposit in the locality of Meka'a contributed to the apparition of new species of geophagic clay materials in the local market. Due to the fact that positive or negative effects of geophagia are conditioned by physico-chemical, mineralogical and geochemical properties of the clay soil ingested, it is therefore nece...
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