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Hydromass in Natural-Territorial Complexes in the Upper- and High-Mountain Landscapes of the Ialno Ridge
Robert Maghlakelidze,
Giorgi Maghlakelidze,
Revaz Tolordava,
Malkhaz Gvinjilia,
Koba Korsantia
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
106-110
Received:
18 July 2017
Accepted:
19 July 2017
Published:
29 September 2017
Abstract: The study of hydromass in natural-territorial complexes in the upper-mountain and high-mountain landscapes of the Ialno Ridge is based on the analysis spatial-temporal concept of natural-territorial complexes (NTCs), which was developed by Prof. Nikoloz Beruchashvili. This question allows analyzing and evaluating the following issues: moisture circulation and soil hydromasses in different NTCs. The study is based on the long-term field work conducted by the staff of Martkopi physical-geographical station. On the basis of the research some peculiarities of the territorial distribution of soil hydromasses were revealed. The maximum amount of the soil hydromasses (1733 t/ha) is registerd in the facies of the northern exposition and moderately slanting slopes with beech forest and litterfall, whereas the mean value is 1421 t/ha. In the soils of the facies spread at the top of the Ialno Ridge the maximum hydromass amount is 1173 t/ha and the mean value is 887 t/ha. But in the soils of the slanting tops with southern exposition presented as mixed grass meadows the maximum hydromass amount is 676 t/ha and the mean value is 633 t/ha. The research shows that in the NTCs with of the high-mountain subalpine and upper-mountain forest landscapes the hydromass amounts depend on humidity and pedomass amount in separate geohorizons of the soils. Besides, hydromass amount in soil is influenced by the following factors: exposition and declination of the slope, the thickness of the soil profile, behaviour of moisturizing, projection vegetation cover and facies, nano-forms of the relief. High amount of hydromasses is characteristic of the gorges on the southern exposition slopes (more than 2000 t/ha). The hydromass amount is also high (1500-2000 t/ha) in the beech forests in the natural-territorial complexes of the northern and southern exposition slopes. The amount of hydromasses is low (500-1000 t/ha) at the top of the Ialno Ridge and the subalpine meadows in the natural-territorial complexes of the southern exposition slopes. The same hydromass amount is observed in the vegetation semi-associations in the natural-territorial complexes of the slopes of the White Cliff. The hydromass amount is the least (less than 500 t/ha) in rocky natural-territorial complexes.
Abstract: The study of hydromass in natural-territorial complexes in the upper-mountain and high-mountain landscapes of the Ialno Ridge is based on the analysis spatial-temporal concept of natural-territorial complexes (NTCs), which was developed by Prof. Nikoloz Beruchashvili. This question allows analyzing and evaluating the following issues: moisture circ...
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The Classification Imereti’s Landscapes and Its Anthropogenic Transformation
Kubetsia Mzia,
Shorena Tkemaladze
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
111-116
Received:
4 August 2017
Accepted:
7 August 2017
Published:
29 September 2017
Abstract: The main purpose of this work is to evaluate allocated the landscapes of Imereti and to anthropogenic changes in them. These give chance to determine the current tendencies of different landscapes. The research is based on the field work carried out in different landscapes of Imereti and also on the different scientific sources. This issue is high pressing for Imereti – one of the region of West Georgia. It is connected with a lot of environmental problems such as: activation of natural disasters (flooding, landslides, etc.); increase of soil erosion and degradation; deforestation and over grassing, raising risk of extinction of rare, relic and endemic species; reduce of biodiversity; reduce of agricultural productivity, etc. Thus, in consideration of these problems a special attention should be directed to the consequences of anthropogenic transformations. Imereti is located in a humid subtropical zone and it is distinctive by the various natural-territorial complexes (NTCs). The area of Imereti is 6539.7 km2 and the length of the borders is 389.2 km. Imereti has basically well-defined natural (topographical) borders that grants this regions a physical-geographical distinction and makes it a difficult territorial unit for landscape-ecological research. Analysis of the NTCs - every natural landscape unit and the creation of a unified ecological situation in the environment gives us the opportunity to take into account the challenges of the rational use of the buns of beneficiaries that are practical in the regional and local aspects.
Abstract: The main purpose of this work is to evaluate allocated the landscapes of Imereti and to anthropogenic changes in them. These give chance to determine the current tendencies of different landscapes. The research is based on the field work carried out in different landscapes of Imereti and also on the different scientific sources. This issue is high ...
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Transboundary Conservation Areas in African Mountains: Opportunities and Challenges for Addressing Global Change
Nakileza Bob Roga,
Wilem Ferguson,
Festus Bagoora
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
117-126
Received:
24 July 2017
Accepted:
21 August 2017
Published:
13 October 2017
Abstract: The last 15 years have seen the establishment of several transboundary conservation areas (TBCAs) in Africa, presenting a unique opportunity of using an integrated ecosystem approach for promoting sustainable ecosystems services. TBCAs have unique characteristics for livelihood improvement of adjacent human communities. Mountain TBCAs in Africa, are increasingly being threatened due to commercial exploitation as well as population and commercial growth, resulting in logging, conflicts and poor land use practices. This is being exacerbated by challenges of climate change. We examined the potential of the TBCA approach for the alleviation of such threats and promoting sustainable mountain development including adaptation and coping mechanisms with respect to climate change. Data and information was gathered largely through field observations, discussions and relevant secondary sources. The results revealed that: 1) While single countries have developed frontier areas within the established TBPAs there is a lack of transboundary governance that enables transboundary development of infrastructure and the sustainable management of natural resources. 2) Socio-economic development and adaptation of human communities towards climate change inside TBPAs have largely taken place as part of activities not connected to the establishment of a TBCA. In conclusion for realising the exceptional opportunities that TBPAs offer, two things are important; 1) To date, biodiversity conservation inside TBPAs has been emphasised. Sustainable livelihood improvement inside a TBPAs should be the point of departure for achieving conservation of natural resources including biodiversity. 2) The establishment of consistent transboundary governance is crucial for achieving that.
Abstract: The last 15 years have seen the establishment of several transboundary conservation areas (TBCAs) in Africa, presenting a unique opportunity of using an integrated ecosystem approach for promoting sustainable ecosystems services. TBCAs have unique characteristics for livelihood improvement of adjacent human communities. Mountain TBCAs in Africa, ar...
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Attract Force Mathematic Physics Model Release the Formation of Earth Volcano
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
127-130
Received:
23 August 2017
Accepted:
13 September 2017
Published:
17 October 2017
Abstract: Volcanoes are a kind of nature phenomena, which are found not only on the Earth, but also on the other solar planets. When erupting, the volcanoes spew rocks, molten lava and plenty of smoke and gases. To find the reason of volcanic formations have caused many researches. Why volcano erupt in mountain body? Why volcano not happen in plain? Why volcano happen in crust plate center or plate edged mountains? This paper analyses the volcanic formation through the Attract Force Model of the mathematical physics. The Model uses rigid balls array to analysis volcano based on finite elements methods. The Model explain the reason of formation of the volcano through the aspect of the mathematical physics.
Abstract: Volcanoes are a kind of nature phenomena, which are found not only on the Earth, but also on the other solar planets. When erupting, the volcanoes spew rocks, molten lava and plenty of smoke and gases. To find the reason of volcanic formations have caused many researches. Why volcano erupt in mountain body? Why volcano not happen in plain? Why volc...
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The Model Inversion of Leaf Area Index of Vegetation by Means of Electromagenetic Wave Radiative Transfer Model
Wei Fu,
Huan Pei,
Zeng-shun Li,
Hao Shen,
Jun-shuai Li,
Peng-yuan Wang
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
131-141
Received:
30 May 2017
Accepted:
12 June 2017
Published:
30 October 2017
Abstract: This paper puts forward a novel approach for model inversion of leaf area index (LAI) of vegetation based on the integrated arithmetic of data assimilation and genetic-particle swarm algorithm (DAGS). The article expounds the design principle of electromagenetic wave radiative transfer model (ERTM) for vegetation canopies. On this basis, this study constructs the inversion model of LAI based on DAGS. Furthermore, this experiment realizes the model inversion of LAI with the aid of Remote Sensing (RS) multi-spectral data and biophysical component data of vegetation canopies, which are provided by the multispectral RS observation data set (MOD15A2). The bullet points of the text are summarized as follows. (1) The contribution proposes DAGS for LAI inversion. (2) The article discusses ERTM model for electromagenetic wave radiative transfer mechanism of vegetation canopies. (3) This text achieves LAI inversion with the help of RS multi-spectral data and biophysical component data of vegetation canopies supplied by MOD15A2. The experimental results demonstrate the validity and reliability of the model inversion of LAIby making use of DAGS. The proposed algorithm exploits a novel algorithmic pathway for the model inversion of LAI by means of RS multi-spectral data and biophysical component data of vegetation canopies.
Abstract: This paper puts forward a novel approach for model inversion of leaf area index (LAI) of vegetation based on the integrated arithmetic of data assimilation and genetic-particle swarm algorithm (DAGS). The article expounds the design principle of electromagenetic wave radiative transfer model (ERTM) for vegetation canopies. On this basis, this study...
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Second Order Statistical Moments of the Power Spectrum of Ionospheric Scintillation
Jandieri George,
Diasamidze Zhuzhuna,
Diazamidze Mzia,
Takidze Irma
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
142-148
Received:
6 April 2017
Accepted:
17 April 2017
Published:
31 October 2017
Abstract: Paper considers some aspects of the relationship between scintillation level of scattered radiation and anisotropic plasma irregularities in the collision turbulent magnetized plasma. Analytical calculations are carried out using modify smooth perturbation method taking into account both diffraction effects and polarization coefficients of both ordinary and extraordinary waves. Correlation function and the wave structure function of the phase fluctuations are obtained for arbitrary correlation function of electron density fluctuations. Analytical and numerical calculations of the second order statistical moments are carried out for the anisotropic Gaussian correlation function taking into account both anisotropy factor and the inclination angle of the elongated plasma irregularities with respect to the external magnetic field. Scintillation level and the power spectrum of the intensity fluctuations are analyzed for different parameters characterizing anisotropic irregularities.
Abstract: Paper considers some aspects of the relationship between scintillation level of scattered radiation and anisotropic plasma irregularities in the collision turbulent magnetized plasma. Analytical calculations are carried out using modify smooth perturbation method taking into account both diffraction effects and polarization coefficients of both ord...
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Critical Break Length of Floor Aquiclude During Longwall Mining Above Confined Aquifer
Baohua Guo,
Feng Jiao,
Xiaoyu Yang
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
149-156
Received:
5 September 2017
Accepted:
21 September 2017
Published:
2 November 2017
Abstract: Floor water inrushes not only cause heavy casualties and property losses, but seriously restrict the production of coal mines. The aquiclude was simplified as the fixed - fixed beam under the uniform load, and critical break length formula of floor aquiclude in three failure modes including bending failure, shear failure and buckling of pressure bar were established. Then the critical lengths of aquiclude in three failure modes were calculated according to the geological and mining conditions of 15031 panel in Jiulishan coalmine. The results show that the critical break length in bending failure is the smallest, while the critical length in shear failure mode is the biggest. And failures of fixed – fixed beam in three failure modes all occur at two ends so that water inrush from floor may occur at open-off cut or working face. Additionally, three critical break lengths increase with aquiclude thickness but decrease with confined aquifer pressure. According to the calculated results, water inrush may occur at the working face or open-off cut when mining advance reaches 12.47 m, and thus three control measures of lowering aquifer pressure, increasing aquiclude thickness and shortening the distances of first and interval weighting of main roof were discussed. The conclusions can provide references to control water inrush from floor aquifer in coal mines.
Abstract: Floor water inrushes not only cause heavy casualties and property losses, but seriously restrict the production of coal mines. The aquiclude was simplified as the fixed - fixed beam under the uniform load, and critical break length formula of floor aquiclude in three failure modes including bending failure, shear failure and buckling of pressure ba...
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Molar Mass Version of the Ideal Gas Law Points to a Very Low Climate Sensitivity
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
157-163
Received:
14 November 2017
Accepted:
24 November 2017
Published:
7 December 2017
Abstract: It has always been complicated mathematically, to calculate the average near surface atmospheric temperature on planetary bodies with a thick atmosphere. Usually, the Stefan Boltzmann (S-B) black body law is used to provide the effective temperature, then debate arises about the size or relevance of additional factors, including the ‘greenhouse effect’. Presented here is a simple and reliable method of accurately calculating the average near surface atmospheric temperature on planetary bodies which possess a surface atmospheric pressure of over 10kPa. This method requires a gas constant and the knowledge of only three gas parameters; the average near-surface atmospheric pressure, the average near surface atmospheric density and the average mean molar mass of the near-surface atmosphere. The formula used is the molar version of the ideal gas law. It is here demonstrated that the information contained in just these three gas parameters alone is an extremely accurate predictor of atmospheric temperatures on planets with atmospheres >10kPa. This indicates that all information on the effective plus the residual near-surface atmospheric temperature on planetary bodies with thick atmospheres, is automatically ‘baked-in’ to the three mentioned gas parameters. Given this, it is shown that no one gas has an anomalous effect on atmospheric temperatures that is significantly more than any other gas. In short; there can be no 33°C ‘greenhouse effect’ on Earth, or any significant ‘greenhouse effect’ on any other planetary body with an atmosphere of >10kPa. Instead, it is a postulate of this hypothesis that the residual temperature difference of 33°C between the S-B effective temperature and the measured near-surface temperature is actually caused by adiabatic auto-compression.
Abstract: It has always been complicated mathematically, to calculate the average near surface atmospheric temperature on planetary bodies with a thick atmosphere. Usually, the Stefan Boltzmann (S-B) black body law is used to provide the effective temperature, then debate arises about the size or relevance of additional factors, including the ‘greenhouse eff...
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Nannostratigraphic Study of K/Pg Limit Formations of Cote d’Ivoire Offshore Sedimentary Basin of (West Africa)
Nakpoh Nadege Barbara Zagbayou,
Zeli Bruno Digbehi,
Maurice Ennin Tetchie,
A. Aka Kouamé
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
164-169
Received:
7 August 2017
Accepted:
31 October 2017
Published:
18 December 2017
Abstract: Study of calcareous nannofossils in the interval 1044 -1445 m of ZNB-1X well located off Abidjan in the offshore part of Cote d’Ivoire sedimentary basin revealed a low diversity of nannoflora. The material used consistits mainlay of drill cuttings that undergone a three step classic treatment nanofloral study allowed to identify three intervals: Selandien (Middle Paleocene) characterized by species Toweius selandianus, Toweius crassus, Toweius rotondus Danian (Lower Paleocene) based on assemblage composed of Neochiastozygus modestus, Cruciplacolithus primus, and Thoracosphaera sp. and Maastrichtian reconized by the assemblage of species Micula murus, Cribrosphaera ehrenbergii, Retecapsa crenulata, Archangelskiella maastrichtiana, Quadrum sissinghi and Micula concava. This nannoflora study that also hights the K/Pg boundary associated with both lithological and calmetric data indicates an inner shelf depositional environment.
Abstract: Study of calcareous nannofossils in the interval 1044 -1445 m of ZNB-1X well located off Abidjan in the offshore part of Cote d’Ivoire sedimentary basin revealed a low diversity of nannoflora. The material used consistits mainlay of drill cuttings that undergone a three step classic treatment nanofloral study allowed to identify three intervals: Se...
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