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The Modification of the Matrix Method for the Modelling of Propagation of the Body Waves
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2014
Pages:
1-8
Received:
12 December 2013
Published:
10 January 2014
Abstract: The modification of the matrix method of construction of wavefield on the free surface of an anisotropic medium is presented. The earthquake source represented by a randomly oriented force or a seismic moment tensor is placed on an arbitrary boundary of a layered anisotropic medium. The theory of the matrix propagator in a homogeneous anisotropic medium by introducing a "wave propagator" is presented. It is shown that for anisotropic layered medium the matrix propagator can be represented by a "wave propagator" in each layer. The matrix propagator P(z,z0=0) acts on the free surface of the layered medium and generates stress-displacement vector at depth z. The displacement field on the free surface of an anisotropic medium is obtained from the received system of equations considering the radiation condition and that the free surface is stressless. The approbation of the modification of the matrix method for isotropic and anisotropic media with TI symmetry is done. A comparative analysis of our results with the synthetic seismic records obtained by other methods and published in foreign papers is executed.
Abstract: The modification of the matrix method of construction of wavefield on the free surface of an anisotropic medium is presented. The earthquake source represented by a randomly oriented force or a seismic moment tensor is placed on an arbitrary boundary of a layered anisotropic medium. The theory of the matrix propagator in a homogeneous anisotropic m...
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Novel Fusion Electrokinetic Technology with Gas Re-Injection (GREK) for Soil Remediation and Stabilization
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2014
Pages:
9-13
Published:
20 February 2014
Abstract: In this study, a gas reinjection type electrokinetic remediation treatment process (GREK) was proposed as the method for the restoration and stabilization of contaminated soil. The proposed electrokinetic remediation was a new technique, where treatment was performed by reinjecting the surplus gas, which was produced from an anode chamber, into soil, in order to remove the heavy metals and moisture that exist in clayey soil or clayey-sandy soil with low hydraulic conductivity. The manufactured samples were completed through the compression process, in which pressure was gradually increased to a final pressure of 2.11 kgf/cm2 (30 psi) during a total of 7 days. Before the compression, the samples were taken, and the heavy metal concentration and water content were measured. For the gas reinjection type electrokinetic remediation treatment process (GREK) and non-injection type treatment method, continuous treatment processes were performed for 24 hours at a voltage gradient of 2 V/cm. The results of the water content indicated that the gas reinjection type electrokinetic remediation treatment process (GREK) was about 3% higher than that for non-injection type treatment method. The removal efficiency of chromium (Cr)indicated that the gas reinjection type electrokinetic remediation treatment process (GREK) was about 15% higher than that for non-injection type treatment method. The removal efficiency of cadmium (Cd) indicated that the gas reinjection type electrokinetic remediation treatment process (GREK) was about 22% higher than that for non-injection type treatment method. It is expected that the proposed gas reinjection type treatment method would contribute to convergence electrokinetic treatment processes in the future.
Abstract: In this study, a gas reinjection type electrokinetic remediation treatment process (GREK) was proposed as the method for the restoration and stabilization of contaminated soil. The proposed electrokinetic remediation was a new technique, where treatment was performed by reinjecting the surplus gas, which was produced from an anode chamber, into soi...
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Unusual Animal Behaviour before Earthquakes and Multiple Parameter Monitoring in Western Piedmont
Giovanna de Liso,
Cristiano Fidani,
Andrea Viotto
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2014
Pages:
14-25
Received:
20 November 2013
Published:
20 February 2014
Abstract: The complex synergy of various non-seismic precursor phenomena renders difficult to specify what are the chemical and physical parameters, whose variations give more problems to the animal and plant kingdoms. Local seismic events are generally seldom announced by anomalous animal behaviours. Unfortunately we do not understand animal languages or their meaningful vocal modulations. Moreover, many animal alarms are not acknowledged. A number of animal and human observations in Northern Italy are reported, which can suggests physical observations potentially connected with seismic events. The study of seismic precursors is still in its infancy, the error margin on temporal and spatial forecast is still large and must be evaluated. Being so, a multiple parameter physical monitoring started recently in Western Piedmont, which is useful to propose the study of seismic precursors possibly linked to animal behaviour. Electric and magnetic detectors were operating together with alpha particle and acoustic detectors, while a collection of anomalous biological and meteorological observations were taken. Variations in the recent years of the magnetic declination revealed to be a good candidate to precursor, related to the direction of compression, traction and stretching on rocks, even if the geographic localization of future earthquakes is still impossible. In case of some local unusual animal behaviours it can suggest the occurrence of a local seismic event with epicentre distance ≤ 100 km. Statistical information on warnings from local dogs and cats are given.
Abstract: The complex synergy of various non-seismic precursor phenomena renders difficult to specify what are the chemical and physical parameters, whose variations give more problems to the animal and plant kingdoms. Local seismic events are generally seldom announced by anomalous animal behaviours. Unfortunately we do not understand animal languages or th...
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Porosity Measurements for Some Basalt Rocks from the Gharyan Volcanic Province NW Libya
Samir Ahmed Hamouda,
Mohamed B. Abdelmalik,
Essam Abdel-Qader al-Talhi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2014
Pages:
26-30
Received:
12 November 2013
Published:
28 February 2014
Abstract: In this paper, Porosity and density measurements at atmospheric temperature and pressure were conducted on three basalt rock samples from Gharyan Volcanic Province (GVP) NW Libya. The properties examined for the basalts are: bulk and grain density and porosity. The properties found in the basalts are: the mean bulk density 2.823 grams/cm3 and the mean grain density 2.960 grams/cm3 and porosity range 1.311-7.809 %. To consider the possibility of using basalt rocks as a biological shielding against gamma-ray radiation, mass attenuation coefficients for basalt samples were calculated. Results indicate that the basalt rocks are more efficient against gamma-ray radiation than traditional lead materials. Some applications of basalt rocks in industries were suggested.
Abstract: In this paper, Porosity and density measurements at atmospheric temperature and pressure were conducted on three basalt rock samples from Gharyan Volcanic Province (GVP) NW Libya. The properties examined for the basalts are: bulk and grain density and porosity. The properties found in the basalts are: the mean bulk density 2.823 grams/cm3 and the m...
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Noble Metals, U, Pb and HREE Bearing Baddeleyite from Placer Sands of Manavalakurichi, Tamil Nadu, India
Ramachandran Ramasamy,
Subramanian Subramanian,
Ranganathan Sundaravadivelu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2014
Pages:
31-33
Received:
10 September 2013
Published:
20 March 2014
Abstract: Heavy mineral placer sands were collected from Manavalakurichi, Tamil Nadu. A broken piece of a euhedral grain of dark brown placer sand grain was examined under High Resolution Scanning Electron microscope attached with EDAX probe analyzer. The grain is enriched with zirconium oxide but it is greatly impoverished in silica to form zircon. From normative calculation, it is known that ZrO2 remains as 47% wt% as baddeleyite after saturating 36% of zircon with all available cations to fill tetrahedral sites. The mineral is enriched with heavy rare earth elements, dense platinum group of elements and gold. LREE, PGE of lower atomic numbers and Ag are characteristically absent in this mineral. The numbers of ions calculated on the basis of 2(O) ions for baddeleyite (Zr0.662 P0.065 Fe0.029 Y0.029 U0.028Dy0.014Si0.111Hf0.008Al0.008 Os0.008Ir0.008Pt0.007 Pb0.007 Ta0.006 Au0.006 Ti0.005 Lu0.005 Na0.004Yb0.004) structure indicating deficiency of 0.105 metallic ions after entering all the metallic ions into the mineral structure. The high Zr/Hf, ratio of 45.9 indicates that early crystallization of baddeleyite. Therefore, it might be related to the provenance of either silica undersaturated ultrabasic rocks or volcanic rocks derived from mantle horizon probably crystallized at temperature below 1170oC.
Abstract: Heavy mineral placer sands were collected from Manavalakurichi, Tamil Nadu. A broken piece of a euhedral grain of dark brown placer sand grain was examined under High Resolution Scanning Electron microscope attached with EDAX probe analyzer. The grain is enriched with zirconium oxide but it is greatly impoverished in silica to form zircon. From nor...
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