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Mineralogy, petrology and Geochemistry of the Basalt flows at Ash-Shun Ash-Shamaliyya Area, North West Jordan
Ibrahim Ahmad Ali Bany Yaseen,
Alaa Yaser Abidrabbu
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
82-95
Received:
29 August 2016
Accepted:
5 October 2016
Published:
7 November 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.20160506.11
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Abstract: Twenty-seven basaltic fresh rock samples collected from North West Jordan at Ash-Shuna Ash-Shamaliyya area studied. The Ash-Shuna Ash-Shamaliyya basalt (SHB) introduced within Pliocene to Quaternary (recent) volcanism in North West Jordan, and produced within intraplate continental alkali to calc-alkaline basalt. The mineralogy analyses of the SHB rocks are composed of plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, opaque minerals (iron oxide), and secondary minerals included iddingsite and calcite. The common textures of the SHB were trachytic, glomeroporphyritic, seriate, intergranular, poikilitic, corona, ophtic to subophitic, radiate, cumulate, vesicular and amygdaloidal. The geochemical analysis data of SHB indicated that SHB was derived from a slightly fractionation magma as reflected by high MgO concentration(average 8ppm) and Mg#% (average 46%), and high concentration Ni (average158ppm) and low silica content (average 48wt%). The Geochemical classification of SHB introduced within basaltic to trachybasalt field and calc-alkaline to alkali basalt. The tectonic setting of SHB explained by using discrimination diagrams, Ti-Zr-Y, Ti-Zr-Sr, MgO-FeO(tot)-Al2O3, and Nb-Y, the SHB plotted within plate, calc-alkali and continental basalt respectively. The Rayleigh fractionation equation modeled for Sr verses Ba vector diagram indicated the SHB had fractionation less than10% for clinopyroxene, orthpyroxene, olivine and plagioclase.
Abstract: Twenty-seven basaltic fresh rock samples collected from North West Jordan at Ash-Shuna Ash-Shamaliyya area studied. The Ash-Shuna Ash-Shamaliyya basalt (SHB) introduced within Pliocene to Quaternary (recent) volcanism in North West Jordan, and produced within intraplate continental alkali to calc-alkaline basalt. The mineralogy analyses of the SHB ...
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Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Stock Dynamics in the Enset Dominated Farming System of Southwestern Ethiopia
Bahilu Bezabih,
Biniam Tesfaye,
Asrat Fikre
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
96-103
Received:
3 September 2016
Accepted:
21 September 2016
Published:
9 November 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.20160506.12
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Abstract: The study was aimed to investigate soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) dynamics among different land use systems in the Essera district of Dawuro zone, southwestern Ethiopia. Landscape of the district was dominantly covered with enset (Ensete ventricosum) farming system. For this study, three representative land use types namely, Enset farm, woody and cultivated lands were considered. For each land uses, a plot of 25x25m size was marked as a sample plot to collect soil samples in an‘X’ design (from the middle and four corners of the plot). Accordingly, both composite and core sampled soils were gathered from the five subsequent soil depths (i.e.0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 and 20-25cm). Consequently, analysis of variance was conducted by using SAS version 9.2. Moreover, a mean separation for each parameter was made using LSD (Least Significant Difference) test. The result confirmed that soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks were significantly influenced by topographic variation, land use types and soil depths. The highest SOC and TN stocks were observed in the lower slope position, enset farm land and upper soil depths. Regarding to land use difference, 18.65 and 13.50 t/ha SOC stock were observed in the enset and cultivated farm land respectively. TN was also highest in the enset farm land as compared with cultivated and woody land. In contrast, the lowest soil organic carbon stocks were recorded in the upper slope position of cultivated land and lower soil depths. Both SOC and TN stocks were significantly decreased from the upper soil layers to lower soil depths. Soil physical properties were also significantly influenced by topographic position, land use difference and soil depths. Soil clay contents were highest in the enset and woody land while lowest in the cultivated land. However, soil bulk density, soil silt and sand fractions were highest in the cultivated land. Moreover, soil clay content was significantly increased from upper to lower slope position and vice versa for soil bulk density, soil silt and sand fraction. In conclusion, based on the confirmed result, it deserves to improve soil fertility management under different land use types and slope categories, so that soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and soil clay contents could be improved accordingly.
Abstract: The study was aimed to investigate soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) dynamics among different land use systems in the Essera district of Dawuro zone, southwestern Ethiopia. Landscape of the district was dominantly covered with enset (Ensete ventricosum) farming system. For this study, three representative land use types namely, Ense...
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The Geomorphologic and Geological Characteristics of China Qinling Mountain Based on DEM
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
104-110
Received:
29 November 2016
Published:
7 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.20160506.13
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Abstract: The Qinling Mountain plays an important role in the formation and evolution of China continent, which is the North-Southdivide of China in physical geography. It constitutes three parts: East-Qinling, Central-Qinling and Western-Qinling Mountains. The paper was aimed at analyzing the different geomorphic characteristics based on DEM and the relation between the landforms and geology. Some topographic parameters were calculated, such as mean elevation, summit and base level, local relief and mean slope. The DEM data was the SRTM DEM with spatial resolution of 90m. The swath profiles method was used, which the profiles were divided into 5-km -wide segments. For each segment, max, min and mean elevation data of 100-km-long swath were projected onto the profile. Three swath profiles were constructed across the eastern, central and western part through the Qinling Mountains. The results show that: elevation is higher in the west traverse comparing the central and east traverse. The area of granitite by high values of local relief which are related to the deeply incised valleys prevailing in the Taibai Mountain. Lithology and drainage network influence the geomorphology pattern in Qinling Mountain which is the reason that different geomorphology from the south to north.
Abstract: The Qinling Mountain plays an important role in the formation and evolution of China continent, which is the North-Southdivide of China in physical geography. It constitutes three parts: East-Qinling, Central-Qinling and Western-Qinling Mountains. The paper was aimed at analyzing the different geomorphic characteristics based on DEM and the relatio...
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On Determining of the Ultimate Strain of Earth Crust Rocks by the Value of Relative Slips on the Earth Surface after a Large Earthquake
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
111-118
Received:
26 October 2016
Accepted:
10 November 2016
Published:
21 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.20160506.14
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Abstract: The value of the Earth crust rocks ultimate strain together with other physical-and-mechanical characteristics plays an important role in problems on setting maximal values of displacements, velocities and accelerations of grounds in the course of quakes, in determining of the value of potential strain energy accumulated in the medium when a process of a large quake maturation runs, in prognostication of a quake by “ultimate strain of rocks” forerunner as well as other problems, are related to the soil bearing resistance and behaviour. The paper represents a developed method for determining the magnitude of ultimate strain of soils thickness of the Earth crust in natural conditions by the relative slips on the earth surface after a large earthquake. Are obtained the empirical dependences of the value of ultimate strain from magnitude of earthquake, relative slips, the rupture length, and seismic moment by analysing values calculated by the proposed method for the 44 strong earthquakes with a magnitude of 5.6-8.5. A comparative analysis of the ultimate strain values is given which is obtained by other authors by the method of geodesic triangulation.
Abstract: The value of the Earth crust rocks ultimate strain together with other physical-and-mechanical characteristics plays an important role in problems on setting maximal values of displacements, velocities and accelerations of grounds in the course of quakes, in determining of the value of potential strain energy accumulated in the medium when a proces...
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The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Composition of the Diatoms in the Sediments of the Pavlovka River (Primorsky Krai, Russia)
Ekaterina Elbakidze,
Maria Petukhova
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
119-122
Received:
24 December 2016
Published:
28 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.20160506.15
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Abstract: This paper presents the results of a study of diatoms from the sediments in headwaters of the river Pavlovka (K-EL007). The diatom taxonomic composition, ecological structure and their quantitative content were analyzed. 120 diatom species belonging to 38 genera were ideated. The data allowed to allocate 7 ecozones. The changes revealed in the ecological structure of the spore-pollen spectra and diatoms paleo-community allowed to assume during what time these sediments were formed and under what climatic conditions.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of a study of diatoms from the sediments in headwaters of the river Pavlovka (K-EL007). The diatom taxonomic composition, ecological structure and their quantitative content were analyzed. 120 diatom species belonging to 38 genera were ideated. The data allowed to allocate 7 ecozones. The changes revealed in the ecol...
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Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Soil in Ondo State Bitumen Environment, Nigeria
Tomori W. B.,
Yanful E. K.,
Flemming R. L.,
Amoo I. A.,
Aiyesanmi A. F.,
Adekoya J. A.
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
123-134
Received:
3 October 2016
Accepted:
22 November 2016
Published:
4 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.20160506.16
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Abstract: The geochemistry and bulk mineralogy of surface (0-30 cm) and subsurface (60-90 cm) soil samples in the bitumen environment of Ondo State Nigeria was studied using X-Ray Florescence and X-Ray Diffraction techniques. The bulk minerals were qualitatively studied with EVA software and quantified using Rietveld refinement method. The mineralogy was found to be essentially quartz, kaolinite and feldspars with respective abundances of 83.76-93.76%, 4.38-10.60% and 1.86-3.82%. The geochemistry reveals that the order of abundance of major oxides is SiO2 > Al2O3 > Fe2O3 > TiO2 ≥ K2O > MgO > CaO > Na2O ≥ P2O5 > MnO > Cr2O3. Only Fe2O3 shows a little leaching into the subsurface layer while TiO2 was relatively stable between the two layers. The high quartz, low kaolinite, low feldspar and low gibbsite content may indicate moderate to high degree of weathering; higher contents of silica and alumina as well as alkalis and calcium in the surface layer may equally suggest an aeolian additions and/or relative enrichment of minerals during weathering and nutrient cycling by vegetation.
Abstract: The geochemistry and bulk mineralogy of surface (0-30 cm) and subsurface (60-90 cm) soil samples in the bitumen environment of Ondo State Nigeria was studied using X-Ray Florescence and X-Ray Diffraction techniques. The bulk minerals were qualitatively studied with EVA software and quantified using Rietveld refinement method. The mineralogy was fou...
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Sea Level Variations During 1980-2014 over Zhoushan, China
Chai Sisi,
Wang Liuzhu,
M. V. Subrahmanyam
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
135-141
Received:
12 December 2016
Accepted:
21 December 2016
Published:
13 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.20160506.17
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Abstract: In this paper we consider the Zhoushan Islands area to check the sea level (SL) variation. Sea Surface Height Relative to Geoid over the Zhoushan Island area has been obtained from the operational data sets produced routinely by the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS). Monthly, seasonal and interannual variations have been presented and possible relations for variations are also explained. SL is indicating a decreasing trend, however there is an increasing trend before year 2000 and showing decreasing trend after 2000. There is 5 mm increase in SL before 2000 and 10 mm decrease in SL after 2000. Over Zhoushan, Sea surface temperature (SST) is having an inverse relation with SL, however SL is having a positive relation with Nino 3.4 SST anomalies but it is not significant.
Abstract: In this paper we consider the Zhoushan Islands area to check the sea level (SL) variation. Sea Surface Height Relative to Geoid over the Zhoushan Island area has been obtained from the operational data sets produced routinely by the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS). Monthly, seasonal and interannual variations have been presented and p...
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Spatial Analysis of the Distribution of Trees According to the Order of Rivers
Talnan J. H. Coulibaly,
Sandotin L. Coulibaly,
P. Jean Marie Ouattara,
Issiaka Savane
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
142-147
Received:
12 December 2016
Accepted:
28 December 2016
Published:
20 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.20160506.18
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Abstract: Our study consists of determining the environments favorable to the harmonious development of the trees while answering our problem which is the failure of the techniques of reforestation. From a geomorphological study, the distribution of the environment favorable to the development of the trees is highlighted. Permanent, intermittent watercourses, saturation topographic indices and calculated drainage density allow the location and mapping of potentially suitable media. Different methods of applied numerical treatments such as drainage density, topographic index and temporary and permanent watercourse extraction have made it possible to locate and map the potentially wet media favorable to plant development.
Abstract: Our study consists of determining the environments favorable to the harmonious development of the trees while answering our problem which is the failure of the techniques of reforestation. From a geomorphological study, the distribution of the environment favorable to the development of the trees is highlighted. Permanent, intermittent watercourses...
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