Research Article
Transitioning from Ashes and Devastations Towards Community Resilience: The Post-genocide Rwanda’s Experience
Theogene Bangwanubusa*
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
163-173
Received:
5 June 2026
Accepted:
22 June 2026
Published:
17 July 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.20261504.11
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Abstract: The 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi marked the worst cruelty that humankind had ever experienced until the 20th century. Latent seeds of cultural violence openly exploded in most vulnerable areas when multiparty politics kicked off in late 1980s in Rwanda. The politicization and manipulation of identity widely won the ground and further resulted in clear dichotomization around two identity groups - that is, Hutu and Tutsi. In Murambi, for instance, district-level leaders most involved in political networks played an instrumental role to rally existing immigrants of Hutu origin in favor of government-led effort to exterminate the Tutsi. In the timeframe of 100 days, Rwanda was turned into ashes and profound devastations. Loss of hope was spread everywhere until resilience, in practice, remained a difficult-to imagine concept afterwards. This paper is a reflection on the direction that community resilience has been taking since the post-genocide period, with strong emphasis on the magnitude of cruelty individual areas (or selected case studies) have gone through. It answers a key question on whether the depth of this magnitude correlates, or not, to the pace with which the recovery process from ashes and devastations has been so far taking place. To do so, the paper investigated some case studies most severely affected to gauge their respective adaptive capabilities to adjust to post-genocide policies predominantly implemented to give a push to the above-stated process. Out of the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the four-pillar model for adaptive capacities helped the entire research process to analyze existing potentials likely to support sustained community resilience. While some external observers seemingly thought that the more severely affected the case studies were, the less adaptative capabilities would be effective and, finally, the more community resilience would be a slow process. An intensive examination of physiological needs and safety and security needs targeted Murambi, Kiramuruzi, and Kiziguro, out of which self-reporting testimonies and existing statistics strongly support remarkable levels of community resilience. Thus, the above-stated case studies have steadily grown resilient in the post-genocide period despite of diverse challenges that continue to metamorphose. Furthermore, they perfectly align with the national level of recovery, following an integrated, equitable and inclusive planning. As the paper concludes, it connects this overall finding to visionary and proactive leadership, as opposed to earlier cycles of ineffecient leadership that marked post-independent styles of governance.
Abstract: The 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi marked the worst cruelty that humankind had ever experienced until the 20th century. Latent seeds of cultural violence openly exploded in most vulnerable areas when multiparty politics kicked off in late 1980s in Rwanda. The politicization and manipulation of identity widely won the ground and further resulted in...
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Research Article
Report of Irregular Flowering by Some Mango Trees in Awka: Possible Link with Climate Change, Implications for Food Security and Breed Selection
Obiano Emmanuel Chukwuma*
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
174-179
Received:
15 June 2026
Accepted:
1 July 2026
Published:
22 July 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.20261504.12
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Views:
Abstract: Serious concern has been expressed of the likelihood that climate change will aggravate in the future and its possible escalating impact on society, including diminishing agricultural yields. Mango is widely known to be vulnerable to changes in climate variables. This study aimed to add to our understanding of climate change by observing patterns of irregular flowering and fruiting by some mongo trees in Awka, Nigeria. It was found, among others, that short spells of dryness occurring during the rainy seasons disrupted the usual pattern of flowering and fruiting, and exerted a ‘miscarriage effect’ on the mango trees that reduced subsequent yields, even the yields of the usual fruiting seasons. The implications, among others, are that late-flowering / late-fruiting varieties of mango trees appear to be more resistant to the vagaries of climate change. They appear also to record narrower gaps between expected yield and actual yield. Hence, they appear to present better potentials for food security and breed selection in order to promote resilience against possible worsening effect of climate change in future. More research is needed to establish this observed notion of ‘miscarriage effect’, as well as establish comparison between early- and late-flowering / fruiting varieties. Similar research and emerging knowledge may be replicated for other trees and crops.
Abstract: Serious concern has been expressed of the likelihood that climate change will aggravate in the future and its possible escalating impact on society, including diminishing agricultural yields. Mango is widely known to be vulnerable to changes in climate variables. This study aimed to add to our understanding of climate change by observing patterns o...
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