Earth Internal-Mountain Water Model Release: Water can Flow Upwards
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, April 2017
Pages:
10-14
Received:
27 January 2017
Accepted:
10 March 2017
Published:
23 March 2017
Abstract: Old words “People go upwards, Water flow downwards”. The new mathematic physics model of underground water circulate was built. This model was based on Newton attract force equation deduction. Build rigid balls arrays by Finite Element Method, and consideration highland, mountain, river, sea, and underground earth layers components to build the model. To release highland or mountain self-mass produce attract force make the underground water flow upwards. Its mean water on earth’s surface flows downwards, while water under highland or mountain can flow upwards. This model can explain why exit mountain spring, why well supply water, why river source from highland. Some examples, such as Babylon Hanging Garden, for this Earth Internal-Mountain Water Model to illuminate how water flow upwards under mountain in sometimes. This Internal-mountain water model must help for water resource development, sea water desalinate, sewage processes, and other earth water cycle research.
Abstract: Old words “People go upwards, Water flow downwards”. The new mathematic physics model of underground water circulate was built. This model was based on Newton attract force equation deduction. Build rigid balls arrays by Finite Element Method, and consideration highland, mountain, river, sea, and underground earth layers components to build the mod...
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Spatial –Temporal Analysis of Drought in Iran Using SPI During a Long - Term Period
Sohaila Javanmard,
Mandana Emamhadi,
Javad BodaghJamali,
Ali Didehvarasl
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, April 2017
Pages:
15-29
Received:
31 August 2015
Accepted:
21 September 2015
Published:
11 April 2017
Abstract: This investigation represents temporal and spatial analysis of drought events over Iran for a 42 - year period (1963 - 2005). At first, the severity of drought occurrences over Iran has been identified using SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) at various time scales (i.e., 3, 9, and 12 - month) for 50 synoptic stations. Then the spatial distribution of annual and seasonal drought severity using SPI - 12 months and SPI - 3 months respectively have been derived. Seasonal drought has been determined for spring, autumn, and winter using SPI - 3 months for May, Nov and Feb respectively. Maps of annual and seasonal drought showed occurrence of drought in most parts of Iran mostly in following years, 1985, 1990, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001. Based on the frequency of each drought severity category at different time scales (SPI - 3, 9, and 12 months), time series of number of stations experienced drought were derived. They showed that mild drought has been occurred continuously in about 85% - 95% of stations from 1998 through 2001 using SPI - 9 months and SPI - 12 months. But SPI - 3 months showed mostly 99% of stations were affected by drought continuously from 1998 through 2002. Finally, spatial distribution of each drought severity categories for different time - scales were derived.
Abstract: This investigation represents temporal and spatial analysis of drought events over Iran for a 42 - year period (1963 - 2005). At first, the severity of drought occurrences over Iran has been identified using SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) at various time scales (i.e., 3, 9, and 12 - month) for 50 synoptic stations. Then the spatial distribu...
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