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Serological Study of African Swine Fever in Traditional Pig Farms in Chad
Bidjeh Kebkiba,
Ban-Bo Bebanto Antipas,
Nadjilem Digamtar,
Tchari Doungous,
Golwa Dinza,
Maho Adnelie jeanne
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
149-152
Received:
30 June 2015
Accepted:
15 July 2015
Published:
14 October 2015
Abstract: African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, highly contagious animal disease, affecting pigs and wild boars, warthogs, bush pigs and ticks (Ornithodoros), who are the likely vector. Its agent is a large double-stranded DNA virus of the genus Asfarvirus, the only representative of Asfarviridae family. Described for the first time in 1921 in East Africa (Kenya) by Montgomery, ASF has settled in the Iberian Peninsula. Since 1960, ASF has spread considerably in sub-Saharan Africa where it is endemic. ASF has emerged in Chad for the first time in October 2010 in the city of Bongor, capital of the region of Mayo-Kebbi-East, which is located about 250 km from Ndjamena. The city borders with northern Cameroon where the disease was reported in May 2010. The disease was introduced into the country from the far north in the Department of Mayo Danaye, Cameroon. Since 2010-2011, suspicions have become rare or no observed. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the presence or absence of ASF virus circulation in Chad in order to clarify the epidemiological situation of the disease in the country. To do this, a serological survey was conducted on different sites. The choice of these sites was based on the history of the disease in the country, where there has actually outbreaks of disease and on stamping out importance achieved during ASF episode of 2010-2011. A total of 275 Sera and 17 bloods on filter papers were collected and analyzed by indirect ELISA for antibodies directed to ASF virus. Out of 275 sera analyzed, 13 (4.72%) have had antibodies directed to ASF virus. No sample taken from filter papers was positive vis-à-vis ASF virus. The study identified 4.72% animals carrying ASF virus. Given these results, we can say that ASF virus still circulates in some areas of the country. The areas where sera were positive should be admitted to the extent control of ASF by implementing the strategy of stamping out.It would also be preferable to undertake another large-scale serological study coupled with active surveillance to show that indeed there is no circulation of ASF virus in the country.
Abstract: African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, highly contagious animal disease, affecting pigs and wild boars, warthogs, bush pigs and ticks (Ornithodoros), who are the likely vector. Its agent is a large double-stranded DNA virus of the genus Asfarvirus, the only representative of Asfarviridae family. Described for the first time in 1921 in East Africa (...
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Investigation of Biometric Sexual Differences on Humeral Articular Surfaces of New Zealand Rabbits via Photogrammetric Techniques
Abdullah Varlik,
Sema Ozkadif,
Emrullah Eken,
Ibrahim Kalayci
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
153-157
Received:
30 September 2015
Accepted:
15 October 2015
Published:
28 October 2015
Abstract: The glenohumeral joint is a one of the joints most of which frequently dislocate. Moreover, in this joint various developmental disorders and pathological situations can be seen. The fact that it can perform the widest and the most diverse movements of our body makes the joint surfaces constituting the joint important. Therefore, in this study, surface areas of humeral head and glenoid cavity which form glenohumeral joint of 12 New Zealand rabbits of both sexes were measured, and their proportions to each other were determined on a three dimensional (3D) model obtained via photogrammetric methods. In conclusion, a statistically significant difference was identified between male and female rabbits regarding the joint surfaces constituting glenohumeral joint. Moreover, it was observed that the surface of humeral head was 3 times as large as the surface area of glenoid cavity. It has been suggested that the photogrammetric method that was used and the data that were obtained will shed light on forensic medicine applications and contribute to the information pool in the field of anatomy in veterinary medicine.
Abstract: The glenohumeral joint is a one of the joints most of which frequently dislocate. Moreover, in this joint various developmental disorders and pathological situations can be seen. The fact that it can perform the widest and the most diverse movements of our body makes the joint surfaces constituting the joint important. Therefore, in this study, sur...
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Incidence of Major Clinical Reproductive Health Problems of Dairy Cows at Bako Livestock Research Farm over a Two-Year Period (September 2008-December 2010)
Temesgen Ayana,
Tegegn Gudeta
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
158-165
Received:
11 September 2015
Accepted:
4 October 2015
Published:
31 October 2015
Abstract: A prospective follow up study was carried out on 372 dairy cows at Bako Agricultural research center between September 2008 and December 2010 to determine the incidence of reproductive problems and associated risk factors in the cows. The animals were continuously followed from insemination/mating until 45 days postpartum for occurrence of clinical reproductive problems. Data were collected during farm visits by observation and clinical examination of animals. The cumulative incidence of clinically observed major reproductive problems was 35.2% (131/372). No statistically detectable effect (p>0.05) of breed was shown on the occurrence of clinical reproductive problems evaluated. In addition, number of parities, body condition score (BCS), age of dams, calf sex and service type were not found to have a significant influence on the occurrence of reproductive problems in the study farm (p>0.05). The most common reproductive problems recorded in the present study were retained fetal membrane (8.3%), dystocia (6.7%), abortion (5.9%), uterine infections (5.6%) and stillbirths (4.8%). In this study, the incidence of dystocia, uterine infections, stillbirths and repeat breeding were more common in crossbred cows whereas abortion was more common in local cows but the effect of these factors was not significant (p>0.05). This study revealed that nearly one cow out of every three cows encountered at least one type of clinical reproductive problems indicating the widespread occurrence of the problems among dairy cows at Bako Agricultural Research Center. However, considered plausible factors such as breed, parity number, body condition score (BCS), age of dams, calf sex and service type had no significant influence on the occurrence of reproductive problems in the study farm indicating that some other factors are responsible for precipitating the conditions. It is, therefore, recommended that other factors that precipitate the occurrence of the problems in the farm should be investigated and appropriate interventions implemented in order to minimize the occurrence of these problems and associated losses in the farm.
Abstract: A prospective follow up study was carried out on 372 dairy cows at Bako Agricultural research center between September 2008 and December 2010 to determine the incidence of reproductive problems and associated risk factors in the cows. The animals were continuously followed from insemination/mating until 45 days postpartum for occurrence of clinical...
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Purification of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type D and Obtaining Its Antiserum
Bidjeh Kebkiba,
Ban-Bo Bebanto Antipas,
Podkapaev Vladimir Michaelovich
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
166-170
Received:
12 October 2015
Accepted:
21 October 2015
Published:
3 November 2015
Abstract: Uncontrolled use of antibiotics in the treatment of calves suffering from gastroenteritis and dairy cows suffering from mastitis, created in pathogenic staphylococci enterotoxin producers some resistance to these drugs. These pathogens enterotoxin producers are often excreted with milk from cows with mastitis. That is why the specific and topical issue remains the isolation and identification of strains producing staphylococcal enterotoxin from cow milk and faeces of calves suffering from enteritis. Given all this, we have set a goal to get staphylococcal enterotoxin type D for use as mastitis diagnostic kit and enteritis and antigen for obtaining the antiserum. To obtain the staphylococcal enterotoxin type D we used strain S. aureus No. 494 (ATSS23235) courtesy offered by Dr. FC Fluer from Institute of Experimental Medicine, NF Gamaley, Medical Academy (USSR). Verification of the specificity of the enterotoxin) was performed using 5 strains of S.aureus producing different enterotoxins (entérotoxin- A; enterotoxin-B; enterotoxin C-1; C-2 and enterotoxin - E) as well as non-enterotoxigenic staphylococcal strain (S. aureus Wood 46). In addition to the staphylococcal strains, five strains of Escherichia coli, producing thermostable and thermolabile enterotoxins were also used in the experiment. The method of purification of enterotoxin-D by precipitation twice chromatography on km - cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 allows to obtain pure enterotoxin-D having the biological properties, immunological and antigenic characteristics. Immunization of rabbits with purified enterotoxin-D associated with incomplete Freund's adjuvant provides antiserum very active and specific.
Abstract: Uncontrolled use of antibiotics in the treatment of calves suffering from gastroenteritis and dairy cows suffering from mastitis, created in pathogenic staphylococci enterotoxin producers some resistance to these drugs. These pathogens enterotoxin producers are often excreted with milk from cows with mastitis. That is why the specific and topical i...
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Retrospective Study of Tick-Borne Pathogens and Observation of Ehrlichia ewingii / Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. in Dogs’ Blood Films
Maryam Rassouli,
Ghazaleh Aghazamani
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
171-178
Received:
26 November 2015
Accepted:
8 December 2015
Published:
25 December 2015
Abstract: Ehrlichia ewingii, Anaplasma phogocytophilum and hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. are three bacteria which can infect different dog’s blood cells. All of these three pathogens can be transmitted by different ticks and some reservoir hosts also play a role in their transmission. Although E. ewingii and A. phagocytophilum infect granulocytes and neutrophils of their hosts, respectively, hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. can infect reticulocytes. In this research, the previously taken dogs’ blood films were collected randomly from different veterinary hospitals of Tehran, the capital of Iran. The blood films were reinvestigated for arthropod-borne diseases. Surprisingly, E. ewingii/A. phagocytophilum morulae and hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. were observed in 18% and 37.7% of samples, respectively. None of these pathogens have been reported in Iran. In addition to the new report, the changes which have been made by these pathogens, their similarities, differences and zoonotic importance are discussed.
Abstract: Ehrlichia ewingii, Anaplasma phogocytophilum and hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. are three bacteria which can infect different dog’s blood cells. All of these three pathogens can be transmitted by different ticks and some reservoir hosts also play a role in their transmission. Although E. ewingii and A. phagocytophilum infect granulocytes and neutrophil...
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Comparison Between Plethysmometer and Caliper Methods to Monitor Lesion-Size Induced by Leishmania major Infection in BALB/c Mouse Experimental Model
Hanene Attia,
Aymen Bali,
Rabiaa M. Sghaier,
Pablo A. Leon Martinez,
Ghada Mkannez,
Chiraz Atri,
Khaled Chourabi,
Fatma Z. Guerfali,
Dhafer Laouini
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
179-185
Received:
15 December 2015
Accepted:
25 December 2015
Published:
8 January 2016
Abstract: In several parasitological diseases, as for leishmaniasis, measurement of the size of cutaneous lesions, which develop at the site of parasite inoculation in animal models, are the most commonly used index to assess disease progression, to compare parasites pathogenicity or virulence and to determine the effects of drug treatment and immunotherapies. The aim of this study is to compare the accuracy of two measurement tools i.e., the caliper and the plethysmometer to refine the lesion size determination. Our findings showed that the use of plethysmometer produced higher correlation with the importance of the lesion mass at experimental endpoints. These findings suggest that, for better differentiation in drug monitoring or Leishmania (L. ) strains’ virulence and pathogenicity, plethysmometer method is more sensitive to detect parasite-induced swelling and lesions differences at the end of experimental protocols when lesion size is important but caliper is more indicated for small lesions.
Abstract: In several parasitological diseases, as for leishmaniasis, measurement of the size of cutaneous lesions, which develop at the site of parasite inoculation in animal models, are the most commonly used index to assess disease progression, to compare parasites pathogenicity or virulence and to determine the effects of drug treatment and immunotherapie...
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