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Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Analysis and Chemical Composition of Ngaoundere, Cameroon Honey
Cheh Auguistine Awasum,
Sandra Leila Monkam Fotzo,
Julius Awah Ndukum,
ChintemWilliams Denbon Genesis,
Andre Zoli
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
33-36
Received:
3 August 2015
Accepted:
22 August 2015
Published:
16 September 2015
Abstract: The investigation was carried out to determine the possible chemical components and quantity of the component present in honey using GC-MS analysis. Traditionally the natural honey are used in the treatment of ulcers, wound healing, swells, asthma, cough, hyperacidity, leprosy, diuretic, antimicrobial, jaundice, diuretic activity, hypolipidemic effect, hepatoprotective activity and fever. In the present study, the honey has been subjected to GC-MS analysis. Fourteen chemical constituents have been identified, the major chemical constituents are 2, 4-Dimethyl-1-pentanol (9.23%), 3, 5-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-2, 3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one (8.91%), 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-hydroxymethyl (36.02%), 2-Butoxyethyl acetate (11.11%). It could be concluded that the Ngaoundere, Cameroon honey contains various bioactive compounds.
Abstract: The investigation was carried out to determine the possible chemical components and quantity of the component present in honey using GC-MS analysis. Traditionally the natural honey are used in the treatment of ulcers, wound healing, swells, asthma, cough, hyperacidity, leprosy, diuretic, antimicrobial, jaundice, diuretic activity, hypolipidemic eff...
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Using Soursop Extracts for Natural Gout Treatment
Mufeed Jalil Ewadh,
Maha Fadhil Smaism,
Ali Mohammed Jawad,
Samr Mkhlof,
Osama Muzahim Aljubouri,
Muna Mufeed Ewadh
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
37-39
Received:
27 July 2015
Accepted:
5 August 2015
Published:
17 September 2015
Abstract: Soursop extract used to show its effects on the xanthine oxidase activity by inhibition its ability to produce uric acid, the principal reason for the gout and other inflammatory diseases. The fractionation results shows that the major fraction of phenolic compounds is cumarin separated by revise phase high performance chromatography (HPLC) which shows by in vitro test a considerable inhibition of the xanthine oxidase activity equal to 72.15 ± 0.70 compared with positive control (Allopurinol) (P < 0.05) which lead to reduce production of uric acid. The atomic absorption analysis (AA) of trace elements (Fe, Zn, Mg, P) shows the presence of such metals in soursop sample in an amount nessacery for many metabolic processes in human body. In conclusion the cumarin can used as treatment for gout instead of allpurinol because of its side effect. Further histopathological studies need to explore such study to show the effect of cumarin and trace elements on liver and other organs in animal samples.
Abstract: Soursop extract used to show its effects on the xanthine oxidase activity by inhibition its ability to produce uric acid, the principal reason for the gout and other inflammatory diseases. The fractionation results shows that the major fraction of phenolic compounds is cumarin separated by revise phase high performance chromatography (HPLC) which s...
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Isolation and Identification of Dibenzothiophene Biodesulfurizing Bacteria
Majid Hussein Al-Jailawi,
Albab Fawaz Al-Faraas,
Abdelghani Ibrahem Yahia
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
40-46
Received:
31 August 2015
Accepted:
13 September 2015
Published:
26 September 2015
Abstract: This study aimed to obtain efficient bacteria capable of desulfurizing dibenzothiophene (DBT). For this purpose forty oil contaminated soil samples were collected from different sites in Iraq. It was found that three isolates (M9, M19 and S25) had the ability to desulfurize DBT (cleave C-S bond) and converted it to 2-hydroxybiphenel (2-HBP) or other phenolic end products. This suggests the involvement of the 4S pathway in the desulfurizing of DBT via a specific cleavage of only the C-S bond by these isolates. These isolates were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The result also showed that P. aeruginosa S25 was the most efficient one for removing sulfur from DBT. The GC/MS analysis for DBT after growth of P. aeruginosa S25, indicated that 12.89 % of DBT was consumed (consumption of sulfur), and the product (2-HBP) was further converted to 2-MBP (addition of a methyl group) and this could be a novel pathway for consuming DBT.
Abstract: This study aimed to obtain efficient bacteria capable of desulfurizing dibenzothiophene (DBT). For this purpose forty oil contaminated soil samples were collected from different sites in Iraq. It was found that three isolates (M9, M19 and S25) had the ability to desulfurize DBT (cleave C-S bond) and converted it to 2-hydroxybiphenel (2-HBP) or othe...
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Molecular Approaches for Understanding of the Uterine Malignant Mesenchymal Tumours
Takuma Hayashi,
Akiko Horiuchi,
Kenji Sano,
Nobuo Yaegashi,
Hiroyuki Aburatani,
Ikuo Konishi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
47-49
Received:
9 September 2015
Accepted:
21 September 2015
Published:
9 October 2015
Abstract: Sarcomas are neoplastic malignancies that typically arise in tissues of mesenchymal origin. The identification of novel molecular mechanisms leading to mesenchymal transformation and the establishment of new therapies and biomarker has been hampered by several critical factors. First, this type of malignant tumour is rarely observed in the clinic with fewer than 15, 000 newly cases diagnosed each year in the United States. Another complicating factor is that sarcomas are extremely heterogeneous as they arise in a multitude of tissues from many different cell lineages. The scarcity of clinical materials coupled with its inherent heterogeneity creates a challenging experimental environment for clinicians and scientists. Faced with these challenges, there has been extremely limited advancement in treatment options available to patients as compared to other malignant tumours. In order to glean insight into the pathobiology of sarcomas, scientists are now using mouse models whose genomes have been specifically tailored to carry gene deletions, gene amplifications, and somatic mutations commonly observed in human sarcomas. The use of these model organisms has been successful in increasing our knowledge and understanding of how alterations in relevant oncogenic, tumour suppressive, and signaling pathways directly impact sarcomagenesis. It is the goal of many in the biological community that the use of these mouse models will serve as powerful in vivo tools to further our understanding of sarcomagenesis and potentially identify new biomarker and therapeutic strategies.
Abstract: Sarcomas are neoplastic malignancies that typically arise in tissues of mesenchymal origin. The identification of novel molecular mechanisms leading to mesenchymal transformation and the establishment of new therapies and biomarker has been hampered by several critical factors. First, this type of malignant tumour is rarely observed in the clinic w...
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Composition and Abundance of Benthic Macro-invertebrates in Freshwater Earthen Ponds of Noakhali District, Bangladesh
Sakalin Chakma,
Md. Mofizur Rahman,
Masuma Akter
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
50-56
Received:
6 September 2015
Accepted:
25 September 2015
Published:
10 October 2015
Abstract: The composition and abundance of benthic macro-invertebrates in freshwater fish ponds of Noakhali region were analyzed for a period of six month (December-May, 2012). Experimental ponds were categorized as culture, household and derelict and samples were drawn every week during the entire study period using an Eckman grab with dimension of 15.2×15.2×15.2 cm. A total of 10 major groups/taxa were identified viz.; Polychaetes, Oligochaetes, Gastropods, Amphipods, Bivalve, Diptera, Crab, Isopods, Prawn larvae and Copepod. Total macro-benthos abundance was recorded 1555.54, 1466.66 and 2177.79 ind. / m2 respectively in culture, household and derelict ponds. Oligochaetes were found dominant (49 -75%) in all the experimental ponds. Density of Oligochaetes was recorded 888.89, 1088.89 and 1066.67 ind. /m2 respectively in culture, household and derelict ponds. The overall composition of macro-benthos was Polychaetes (9.19%), Oligochaetes (58.56%), Gastropods (19.23%), Amphipods (3.85%), Bivalvia (1.50%), Diptera (1%), Crab (0.43%), Isopods (0.43%), Prawn larvae (0.21%) and Copepods (0.85%). The present study reveals that macrobenthic fauna and their density are variable among the freshwater ponds. The obtained information can be used for further analysis of seasonal variation of macrobenthos, conserve biodiversity and seasonal change of water quality parameter of freshwater ponds.
Abstract: The composition and abundance of benthic macro-invertebrates in freshwater fish ponds of Noakhali region were analyzed for a period of six month (December-May, 2012). Experimental ponds were categorized as culture, household and derelict and samples were drawn every week during the entire study period using an Eckman grab with dimension of 15.2×15....
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Functional Annotation and Classification of the Hypothetical Proteins of Neisseria meningitides H44/76
Archana Singh,
Bharti Singal,
Onkar Nath,
Indrakant Kumar Singh
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
57-64
Received:
28 August 2015
Accepted:
22 September 2015
Published:
13 October 2015
Abstract: Neisseria meningitides is a parasitic gram-negative bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae (Proteobacteria) and it causes many human diseases including meningitidis and septicemia. One of its strains, H44/76, has natural transformation capacity, thus it is important to identify possible novel drug targets and to develop serogroup B vaccines against this opportunist pathogen. In the complete genome of N. meningitides strain H44/76, there are 1961 coding genes out of which 544 encodes for hypothetical proteins (HPs). Due to their less homology and relatedness to other known proteins, HPs may serve as potential drug targets. We performed extensive functional analysis of these HPs with the help of Bioinformatics tools and assigned functions to 235 HPs, out of which 202 were annotated with high confidence whereas 33 with less confidence. In this study, we have used a combination of latest tools to acquire information about the conserved regions, families, pathways, interactions, localization and virulence related to a particular protein. We also categorized these proteins as transporters, regulators, enzymes, binding proteins, virulent proteins. The outcome of this intensive study may help in the comprehensive understanding of pathogenesis, drug resistance, adaptability to host, epidemic causes and drug discovery for treatment of the diseases.
Abstract: Neisseria meningitides is a parasitic gram-negative bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae (Proteobacteria) and it causes many human diseases including meningitidis and septicemia. One of its strains, H44/76, has natural transformation capacity, thus it is important to identify possible novel drug targets and to develop serogroup B vaccines against ...
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Morphological Studies on Epididymis and Vas Deferens of One - Humped Camel Bull (Camelus dromedaries), Uda Ram and Red Sokoto Buck
Muhammad Abdullahi Mahmud,
Josephat Onu,
Sani Abdullahi Shehu,
Aminu Umaru,
Abubakar Danmaigoro,
Mohammed Shaibu Atabo
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
65-71
Received:
6 September 2015
Accepted:
21 September 2015
Published:
13 October 2015
Abstract: This study was aimed at comparing morphology of the epididymis and vas deferens of One - humped Camel bull (OCB), Uda ram (UR) and Red Sokoto buck (RSB). Fifteen testes and vas deferens were collected, organs grossly examined, measured for weight or length and processed for histology. In OCB, epididymal tail was the largest of the three segments while a reverse of that was obtained in UR and RSB In OCB, the vas deferens was found to be coiled all through while in both UR and RSB, it was found to be highly coiled initially but became straightened as it coursed down to form ampulla. Gross morphometrically, the weight and length of epididymis and vas deferens in the three species differed significantly (P <0.05) from one another. Histomorphologically, in the corpus epididymis, stereocilia were prominently observed in UR followed by RSB and least in OCB. The proximal segment of vas deferens in the three species was found to consist of three histological layers; tunica mucosa from which, many folds extended, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. Histomorphometrically, all measured parameters in both corpus epididymis and proximal segment of vas deferens in the three species differed significantly from one another. It was concluded that although results show that the studied animals are different ruminant species they exhibits some similarities and interesting morphological differences in epididymis and vas deferens compared to the majority of mammals. The basic morphological characterizations done in this study are important for future studies, such as comparison with other species of ruminants (whether true or pseudo).
Abstract: This study was aimed at comparing morphology of the epididymis and vas deferens of One - humped Camel bull (OCB), Uda ram (UR) and Red Sokoto buck (RSB). Fifteen testes and vas deferens were collected, organs grossly examined, measured for weight or length and processed for histology. In OCB, epididymal tail was the largest of the three segments wh...
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Proximate, Mineral Composition, Phytochemical Constituents and Characterization of Oil of Citrullus Lanatus Seeds
Uzama Danlami,
Bwai David Machan,
Magu Joshua,
Kabir Musa Galadanchi,
Oloninefa Stephen Dare
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
72-75
Received:
3 September 2015
Accepted:
17 September 2015
Published:
14 October 2015
Abstract: The proximate, mineral compositions, phytochemical constituents and characterization of oil of Citrullus Lanatus were investigated. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was employed in determining the mineral composition of the oil, while standard methods were employed in carrying out the proximate, phytochemicals and characterization of the oil. The proximate composition revealed the presence of moisture 6.61%,ash 3.07%,crude fibre 3.51,crude fat 35.04,crude protein 30.29% and carbohydrate 21.48%.The mineral composition revealed the presence of Nickel 0.00295mg/g, Chromiunm 0.00301mg/g, Manganese 0,002001mg/g, Iron 0.05396mg/g, Copper 0.02736mg/g, Zinc 0.09035mg/g, Magnesium 0.29118mg/g. The phytochemical constituents present were tannins, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, volatile oil, balsams and phenols. The physicochemical properties revealed the presence of acid value 2.234mg/NaOH/g, saponification value 227.5618mg/NaOH/g, peroxide value 20.37mEq/kg, free fatty acid 1.1162g,viscosity 44.4mm2/sec, density 0.918g/ml and moisture 0.49%.The results indicated that the Citrullus lanatus seed oil is edible because of the low acid value and free fatty acid value and the seeds contain essential nutrients which compete favourably well with those of other seeds in literature and it is suitable for health benefits.
Abstract: The proximate, mineral compositions, phytochemical constituents and characterization of oil of Citrullus Lanatus were investigated. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was employed in determining the mineral composition of the oil, while standard methods were employed in carrying out the proximate, phytochemicals and characterization of the oil. The pro...
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Phytochemical, Nutritional and Antimicrobial Screening of Hexane, Ethyl Acetate and Ethanolic Extracts of Boswellia Dalzielii Leaves and Bark
Uzama Danlami,
Gbubele Joseph Daniel,
Bwai Machan David,
Kabir Musa Galadanchi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
76-79
Received:
4 September 2015
Accepted:
19 September 2015
Published:
14 October 2015
Abstract: The objective of the study was to determine the medicinal values of Boswellia dalzielii plant by carrying out the proximate analysis, antimicrobial screening and phytochemical constituents of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of the leaves and bark of the plant. Standard methods were used for the proximate and phytochemical screenings. Well diffusion method was applied for the antimicrobial screening of the extracts. The proximate analysis of the leaves shows; moisture 12.24%, ash 7.43%, crude fibre 32.85%, crude lipids 20.41%, crude protein 1.00% and carbohydrate 26.07% and that of the bark shows; moisture 8.51%, ash 14.23%, crude fibre 42.86%, crude lipid 14.23%, crude protein 0.40% and carbohydrate 19.56%.The phytochemical screening of the leaves indicated the presence of tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and balsams while that of the bark indicated the presence of steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins. The antimicrobial screening of the leaves and bark extracts shows that they were active against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.
Abstract: The objective of the study was to determine the medicinal values of Boswellia dalzielii plant by carrying out the proximate analysis, antimicrobial screening and phytochemical constituents of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of the leaves and bark of the plant. Standard methods were used for the proximate and phytochemical screenings. W...
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Simultaneous Administration of Aqueous Extract of Rosmarinus officinal with Nicotine Resulted in Prevention of Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity in Guinea Pigs
Azab Elsayed Azab,
Mohamed Omar Albasha
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
80-86
Received:
5 September 2015
Accepted:
10 October 2015
Published:
22 October 2015
Abstract: Rosemary extracts have a high scavenging capacity of different types of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, mostly free radicals. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of aqueous extract of rosemary as a natural source of antioxidants to minimize the harmful effects of nicotine induced hepatorenal toxicity in Guinea pigs. In this study, twenty four adult male Guinea pigs were used for this study and divided into four groups. The first group was control group, the 2nd was the rosemary group orally received rosemary (220 mg/kg body weight /day), the 3rd was the experimental and received intraperitoneal injection of nicotine (6 mg/kg body weight /day), the 4th one co-administered intraperitoneal injection of nicotine (6 mg/kg body weight /day) and rosemary (220 mg/kg body weight /day) orally by gavage for 30 days. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ- glutamyltransferase activities, total proteins, albumin, and globulin concentrations, albumin concentration/globulin concentration (A/G) ratio, urea, uric acid, creatinine, sodium ion, and potassium ion concentrations. In nicotine treated animals, the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ- glutamyl transferase activities, urea, uric acid, creatinine, and potassium ion concentrations were significantly (p<0.05), increased as compared to the control group. On the other hand, serum total proteins, albumin, and sodium ion concentrations of nicotine treated Guinea pigs, were significantly (p<0.05), decreased compared with control animals. But, globulin concentrations and A/G ratio were non significantly changed. Co-administration of rosemary significantly improved all biochemical parameters. It can be concluded that, simultaneous administration of aqueous extract of rosemary with nicotine resulted in prevention of induced hepatorenal toxicity in Guinea pigs. It is recommended that the heavy smokers should be advised to take rosemary as antioxidant to prevent the hepatorenal toxicity. Further studies are necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of hepatorenal protection and potential usefulness of aqueous extract of rosemary as a protective agent against nicotine induced hepatorenal toxicity in clinical trials.
Abstract: Rosemary extracts have a high scavenging capacity of different types of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, mostly free radicals. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of aqueous extract of rosemary as a natural source of antioxidants to minimize the harmful effects of nicotine induced hepatorenal toxicity in Guinea pigs. In this s...
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Phytochemical Screening, Proximate Analysis and Anti-Oxidant Activities of Ripe and Unripe Plantain Powder of Musa paradisiaca and Musa accuminata
Uzama Danlami,
John Joseph Ijoh,
Bwai Machan David
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
87-90
Received:
3 September 2015
Accepted:
13 October 2015
Published:
24 October 2015
Abstract: The objective of the research work was to compare the phytochemical constituents, macronutrients and the antioxidant activities of two species of the unripe and ripe methanolic extracts of Musa paradisiaca and Musa accuminata flour. The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard procedures, while the radical scavenging ability was carried out using the stable radical 1,1-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The phytochemical screening revealed that the unripe M. Paradisiaca powder contains steroids, terpenoids and saponins, whereas the ripe M. Paradisiaca powder contains volatile oil, while both the ripe and unripe M. Paradisiaca contain triterpenoids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids and carbohydrates. The ripe M. accuminata powder contains steroids, terpenoids, glycosides and balsams, while the unripe M. accuminata does not contain any of these but both the ripe and unripe M. accuminata powder contain triterpenoids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates and saponins. The proximate composition (%) of the plantain powder are; (2.38) ash, (8.40) moisture, (0.64) crude protein, (0.77) crude fibre, (0.14) crude lipid, and (87.67) carbohydrate for the unripe powder of M. paradisiaca. (2.30) ash, (9.97) moisture, (0.55) crude protein, (1.00) crude lipid and (86.02) carbohydrate for the ripe powder. While, (3.23) ash, (10.97) moisture, (0.74) crude protein, (1.57) crude fibre, (0.16) crude lipid and (84.90) carbohydrate were obtained for the unripe powder of M. accuminata. The ripe powder has (3.36) ash, (12.15) moisture, (1.08) crude protein, (1.87) crude fibre, (0.15) crude lipid and (81.39) carbohydrate. The unripe powder of Musa paradisiaca shows more scavenging activity on DPPH radical than the unripe powder of Musa accuminata.
Abstract: The objective of the research work was to compare the phytochemical constituents, macronutrients and the antioxidant activities of two species of the unripe and ripe methanolic extracts of Musa paradisiaca and Musa accuminata flour. The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard procedures, while the radical scavenging ability was carri...
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Histological Changes in Calcium Regulating Endocrine Gland (Ultimobranchial) After Dimethoate Exposure in Freshwater Catfish Heteropneustes Fossilis
Rakesh Kumar Pandey,
Vijai Krishna Das
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
91-98
Received:
14 September 2015
Accepted:
30 September 2015
Published:
28 October 2015
Abstract: Ultimobranchial gland in fishes is associated primarily with calcium regulation. The study was aimed to find effect of an organophosphate pesticide dimethoate on serum Ca2+ and ultimobranchial gland in freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Fish were exposed to dimethoate at 2.24 mg/l (75% of 96 h LC50) for short-term (24, 48, 72 and 96 h), and 25% of 96 h LC50 (1.00 mg/l) for long-term (6, 12, 24 and 36 d). The blood samples collected at assigned durations from the anaesthetized fish were used to measure serum Ca2+ levels. At the same time UBG were also extricated from the fish by removing the tissues adjoining esophagus, liver and sinus venosus of the heart for subsequent histological examination. A significant (P<0.05) increase in serum Ca2+ levels of fish following 24 h and 6d dimethoate exposure was observed. However, after 48 h and 12 d the Ca2+ level gradually begins to decline exhibiting significant (P<0.0001) hypocalcaemia after 96 h and 36 d in the exposed fishes. The histological examination of exposed fish glands exhibit significant changes in their cellular activity, staining property, nuclear diameter and nuclear volume, vacuolization and degeneration. It is concluded that dimethoate severely hampers the calcium homeostasis in Heteropneustes fossilis; therefore the pesticide should be cautiously used near aquatic bodies.
Abstract: Ultimobranchial gland in fishes is associated primarily with calcium regulation. The study was aimed to find effect of an organophosphate pesticide dimethoate on serum Ca2+ and ultimobranchial gland in freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Fish were exposed to dimethoate at 2.24 mg/l (75% of 96 h LC50) for short-term (24, 48, 72 and 96 h), an...
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Use of Energy Healing Medicine Against Escherichia coli for Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Biochemical Reaction and Biotyping
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
Mayank Gangwar,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
99-105
Received:
8 October 2015
Accepted:
19 October 2015
Published:
16 November 2015
Abstract: Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections are the major health concern, as it causes infections in human mainly in urinary tract, ear, and wound infections. The present study evaluates the impact of biofield energy treatment on E. coli regarding antimicrobial sensitivity assay, biochemical study and biotype number. Four multidrug resistant (MDR) clinical lab isolates (LSs) of E. coli (LS 12, LS 13, LS 42, and LS 51) were taken in two groups i.e. control and treated. After treatment, above mentioned parameter were evaluated on day 10 in control and treated samples using MicroScan Walk-Away® system. The antimicrobial sensitivity assay was reported with 46.67% alteration (14 out of 30 tested antimicrobials) in treated group of MDR E. coli isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) study showed the alteration in MIC values of about 34.37% (11 out of 32) tested antimicrobials, after biofield treatment in clinical isolates of E. coli. Piperacillin/tazobactam was reported with improved sensitivity and four-fold decrease in the MIC value (64 to ≤16 µg/mL) in LS 42, as compared with the control. Amoxicillin/k-clavulanate reported with improved sensitivity pattern from resistance to susceptible, with two-fold decrease in MIC value (>16/8 to ≤8/4 µg/mL) in biofield treated LS 51. Further, biochemical study showed 24.24% alteration (8 out of 33) in tested biochemical reactions after treatment among four isolates of E. coli as compared to the control. A change in biotype number (7774 4272) was reported as compared to the control, (7311 4012), with new organism identified as Klebsiella pneumonia in biofield treated LS 13 with respect to the control organism, E. coli. Overall, data suggested that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment can be applied to alter the antimicrobial sensitivity, biochemical reactions and biotype number of E. coli.
Abstract: Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections are the major health concern, as it causes infections in human mainly in urinary tract, ear, and wound infections. The present study evaluates the impact of biofield energy treatment on E. coli regarding antimicrobial sensitivity assay, biochemical study and biotype number. Four multidrug resistant (MDR) clinic...
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Physical, Thermal, and Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated Potato Micropropagation Medium
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
Khemraj Bairwa,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
106-113
Received:
8 October 2015
Accepted:
19 October 2015
Published:
16 November 2015
Abstract: Potato Micropropagation Medium (PMM) is the growth medium used for in vitro micropropagation of potato tubers. The present study was intended to assess the effect of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectroscopic properties of PMM. The study was attained in two groups i.e. control and treated. The control group was remained as untreated, while the treated group was received Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. Finally, both the samples (control and treated) were evaluated using various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis- differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), UV-Vis spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The XRD analysis showed the crystalline nature of both control and treated samples of PMM. The X-ray diffractogram showed the significant increase in the intensity of XRD peaks in treated sample as compared to the control. The XRD analysis revealed 6.64% increase in the average crystallite size of treated PMM with respect to the control. The DSC analysis showed about 8.66% decrease in the latent heat of fusion in treated sample with respect to the control. The TGA-DTA analysis exhibited about 4.71% increase in onset temperature of thermal degradation after biofield treatment with respect to the control, while the maximum thermal degradation temperature (Tmax) was also increased (5.06%) in treated sample with respect to the control. This increase in Tmax might be correlated with increased thermal stability of treated sample as compared to the control. The UV spectroscopic study showed the slight blue shift in λmax of treated sample with respect to the control. FT-IR spectrum of control PMM showed the peak at 3132 cm-1 (C-H stretching) that was observed at higher wavenumber i.e. at 3161 cm-1 in the treated sample. Other vibrational peaks in the treated sample were observed in the similar region as that of the control. Altogether, the XRD, DSC, TGA-DTA, UV-Vis, and FT-IR analysis suggest that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment has the impact on physicochemical properties of PMM. This treated PMM might be more effective as a micropropagation medium as compared to the control.
Abstract: Potato Micropropagation Medium (PMM) is the growth medium used for in vitro micropropagation of potato tubers. The present study was intended to assess the effect of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectroscopic properties of PMM. The study was attained in two groups i.e. control and treated. The control group was remained as...
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Fatty Acid Composition of Erythrocytes and Blood Plasma in Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
114-117
Received:
1 December 2015
Published:
1 December 2015
Abstract: This paper focused on analysis of fatty acids of erythrocytes and blood plasma in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. For the study, fatty acids ethyl esters, obtained during sample preparation from blood plasma and erythrocytes, were analyzed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test (p<0.05). The conducted research has shown that blood plasma of MODS patients has a decreased relative level of polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated stearic (C18:0) acid, while there is a significant increase in relative content of monounsaturated fatty acids. In conditions of an increased level of monounsaturated palmitoleic (C16:1) and oleic (C18:1) fatty acids in blood plasma, only the level of palmitoleic (C16:1) acid is increased in erythrocytes. The disorder of lipid composition constancy of erythrocyte membranes is also manifested by a change in the content of saturated palmitic (C16:0) and polyunsaturated linoleic (C18:2) fatty acids. The changes revealed in fatty acid composition of erythrocytes may indicate systemic modifications of cell membranes in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The changes in blood plasma fatty acid composition in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is mainly caused by activation of lipolysis in fat depots.
Abstract: This paper focused on analysis of fatty acids of erythrocytes and blood plasma in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. For the study, fatty acids ethyl esters, obtained during sample preparation from blood plasma and erythrocytes, were analyzed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-W...
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Advances on the Probiotic Function of Fermented Lactic Acid Bacteria
Liu Shan-na,
Li Yun,
Sun Xi,
Wang Na,
Li Zhi-wen
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
118-122
Received:
1 December 2015
Published:
1 December 2015
Abstract: Probiotics are current research focus in biotechnology. Their functions in maintaining balance of intestinal microbiota, regulating immune systems and preventing infection of intestinal pathogens have been proved. This article reviewed types and characteristics of probiotics from fermented foods, discussed advances of these probiotics in intestinal tolerance, aggregation and adherence effect, inhibitory activity, immunity and treatment functions, as well as safety. Different probiotic products and their development situations were mentioned. Theoretical references were provided for better utilization of microbial resources.
Abstract: Probiotics are current research focus in biotechnology. Their functions in maintaining balance of intestinal microbiota, regulating immune systems and preventing infection of intestinal pathogens have been proved. This article reviewed types and characteristics of probiotics from fermented foods, discussed advances of these probiotics in intestinal...
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Characterization of ATP-binding Cassette Transporter Genes in Silkworm, Bombyx Mori
Fengpeng Li,
Xuefang Wang,
Ying Xu,
Jinmei Wu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
123-133
Received:
3 December 2015
Published:
3 December 2015
Abstract: Background: ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are transmembrane proteins that utilize the energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding and hydrolysis to transport various substrates across extra and intracellular membranes, including metabolic products, lipids and sterols, and drugs. They play important roles in various processes of life, especially in drug resistance, metabolism and development. Objective: Identify the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene family and their members in the genome of silkworm, Bombyx mori. Method: Bioinformatics and phylogenetic analysis were used in the study. Results: We identified 47 ABC proteins in the silkworm genome, which possesses members of all current ABC subfamilies A to H. ABC proteins of silkworm were compared to those from worm, fruit fly and human. A high conservation of silkworm ABC transporters were observed for proteins involved in fundamental cellular processes, including the half transporters of the ABCB subfamily, which function in iron metabolism and transport of Fe/S protein precursors, and the members of subfamilies ABCD, ABCE and ABCF, which have roles in very long chain fatty acid transport. Both ABCE and F gene products may be involved in an innate immune response to viral infections. As in the fly, ABCH proteins are inverse half-transporters showing the same domain architecture as the members of the ABCG subfamily, and ABCG transporters involve in transportation of ommochrome precursors and uric acid into pigment granules and urate granules. Conclusion: These results paved the way for further study on the function of the ABC transporters in silkworm, Bombyx mori.
Abstract: Background: ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are transmembrane proteins that utilize the energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding and hydrolysis to transport various substrates across extra and intracellular membranes, including metabolic products, lipids and sterols, and drugs. They play important roles in various processes of life, e...
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Progress of Research on Spatzle and Toll Signaling Pathway in Insects
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
134-141
Received:
3 December 2015
Published:
3 December 2015
Abstract: Insects are the most diverse group of animals on Earth. Contrary to the vertebrates, insects have no acquired immunity, and to resist the invasion of external microbes, they can only rely on their own innate immunity. Innate immunity is the first line of defense in organisms. When microbia invade, a group of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRR) can recognize and bind to conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) , and then the host activates multiple signaling pathways to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Toll signaling pathway is the most actively studied signaling pathway. Toll and its ligand Spatzle play an important role in Toll pathway of the immune response. The structure and function of spatzle in Drosophila, Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori and other insects have been reviewed in this article. The results suggested that spatzle from different insects have conserved structure and similar activation mechanism and plays an important role in the initiation of Toll signaling pathway. This provides a theoretical basis for research on spatzle and Toll signaling pathway in other insects.
Abstract: Insects are the most diverse group of animals on Earth. Contrary to the vertebrates, insects have no acquired immunity, and to resist the invasion of external microbes, they can only rely on their own innate immunity. Innate immunity is the first line of defense in organisms. When microbia invade, a group of germline-encoded pattern recognition rec...
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