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Veterinary Drugs Handling, Management and Supply Chain Assessment in Afar Pastoral Region of North East Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
142-148
Received:
27 August 2015
Accepted:
16 September 2015
Published:
7 December 2015
Abstract: Animal medicines play an important role in the control and prevention of disease and animal suffering but have the potential to cause harm if not used properly. Veterinary drugs handling, management and supply chain assessment in Afar pastoral region of North east Ethiopia was done using structured questionnaire, key informants interview and focal group discussion. This survey showed that there is awareness gap on proper handling and management of veterinary drugs in the region that hamper its quality, safety and effectiveness. The effectiveness of drugs is damaged due to problems such as lack of awareness on how to handle and manage the drugs, lack of understanding of the potential effects of drug misuse and abuse and lack of required facilities. Training on safe handling and management of drugs (X2=21.23, P=0.000) and professional level (X2=6.613, P=0.037) had significant association with awareness on safe handling and management of veterinary drugs. However, According to the logistic regression analysis, it was only professional level (OR=0.03, 95% CI: 0.01-2.25, P=0.027) that has statistically significant association with awareness of the professionals than the other variables considered during the analysis. There were many inappropriate practices and attitudes associated with improper drug handling and management issues in the professionals, awareness problems in the community and easy accessibility of the drugs in the black markets that can potentially affect the drug effectiveness. Generally, about 63.9% of the respondents showed that they had no enough knowledge on safe handling and management of drugs starting from acquisition to end user to assure the quality, safety and effectiveness of veterinary drugs. The major source of veterinary drug supply in Afar region were governmental source (65%), private sources (5%), nongovernmental organizations (10%) and illegal sources (20%). Therefore, continuous awareness creation works to the community, capacity building, training and upgrading programs to the professionals; encouraging privatization of veterinary drug supply and strict enforcement of drug control and administration regulation of the country is mandatory to avoid the aforementioned deep rooted problems in the region.
Abstract: Animal medicines play an important role in the control and prevention of disease and animal suffering but have the potential to cause harm if not used properly. Veterinary drugs handling, management and supply chain assessment in Afar pastoral region of North east Ethiopia was done using structured questionnaire, key informants interview and focal ...
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Prevalence and Socio-environmental Predictors of Cryptosporidiosis in Kebbi State, Nigeria
Danladi Yusuf Kanya,
Ugbomoiko Uade Samuel,
Babamale Olarewaju Abdulkareem
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
149-157
Received:
6 November 2015
Accepted:
19 November 2015
Published:
14 December 2015
Abstract: A cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence and socio-environmental factors associated with cryptosporidiosis was carried out between January to December 2012 in two communities in Kebbi state, Nigeria. Faecal specimen was collected from each participant and structured questionnaire applied. Samples were examined for Cryptosporidium by formal-ether concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. A total of 2100 participants were tested, 290(13.8%) were infected with Cryptosporidium. Logistic regression analysis indicates that, in Aliero, infection was associated with: Presence younger children (Odds Ratio=1.889, P-value <0.0001, 95% Confidence Interval= 1.568-2.274), Regular hands washing (OR=0.399, P<0.0001, 95% CI=0.283-0.535), Presence of diarrhoea (OR= 2.66, P<0.0001, 95% CI= 1.733-4.100), While in Zuru, the infection was predicted by: Younger age group (OR=1.283, P= 0.004, 95% CI=1.085-1.520), Married status (OR=2.463, P=0.028, 95%CI=1.100-5.513), Lack of formal education (OR=2.993, P<0.0001,95% CI=1.872-4.786) and Farming occupation (OR=1.392, P=0.002, 95% CI=1.135-1.703). It was concluded that unhygienic behavioral variables, certain environmental and socio-demographic factors predicted the presence of cryptosporidiosis in the area. Sustainable intervention should include basic health education, access to clean water and adequate sanitation.
Abstract: A cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence and socio-environmental factors associated with cryptosporidiosis was carried out between January to December 2012 in two communities in Kebbi state, Nigeria. Faecal specimen was collected from each participant and structured questionnaire applied. Samples were examined for Cryptosporidium by form...
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Study on Antioxidant of Polysaccharide from Nostoc commum Vauch
Zhang Huixiang,
Wang Xiuli,
Yang Shijun,
Feng Liangguan,
Li Jianping
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
158-161
Received:
16 December 2015
Published:
17 December 2015
Abstract: Polysaccharide from Nostoc commum Vauch. was extracted by water extraction and ethanol precipitation. The content of polysaccharide was determined and its antioxidant activity was researched through reducing power, •OH radical scavenging, ABTS+• radical scavenging and anti-lipid peroxidation. The results showed that the content of polysaccharide from Nostoc commum Vauch. could reach to approximately 25.3%; the polysaccharide had a concentration-dependent antioxidant effect; the polysaccharide could significantly decreased •OH radical, its maximal scavenging rate was 98.8%; the polysaccharide also had some effect on ABTS+• free radical and lipid peroxidation, its maximal scavenging rate and peroxidation rate were respectively 58.3% and 37.2%.
Abstract: Polysaccharide from Nostoc commum Vauch. was extracted by water extraction and ethanol precipitation. The content of polysaccharide was determined and its antioxidant activity was researched through reducing power, •OH radical scavenging, ABTS+• radical scavenging and anti-lipid peroxidation. The results showed that the content of polysaccharide fr...
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Allosteric Transitions of Glutamine-Binding Protein Studied by the Elastic Network Model
Lu Jin,
Nan Xiao,
Chunhua Li,
Jianjun Tan,
Xiaoyi Zhang,
Jiguo Su
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
162-168
Received:
16 December 2015
Published:
17 December 2015
Abstract: Glutamine-Binding Protein (GlnBP) from Escherichia coli is an extremely important periplasmic binding protein. Binding of glutamine at the cleft between two domains causes a conformational change corresponding to a closure of two domains around the ligand. Because this process has a close relationship with protein function, studying this process has an important biological significance. It is very difficult for the existing experimental methods to obtain the conformational transition of GlnBP. In this paper, we studied the allosteric mechanism of GlnBP by using the adaptive Anisotropic Network Model (aANM) proposed by Bahar and obtained a relatively reasonable allosteric pathway. This work is helpful for the understanding the role of the topology structure in GlnBP conformational transition.
Abstract: Glutamine-Binding Protein (GlnBP) from Escherichia coli is an extremely important periplasmic binding protein. Binding of glutamine at the cleft between two domains causes a conformational change corresponding to a closure of two domains around the ligand. Because this process has a close relationship with protein function, studying this process ha...
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Physicochemical Evaluation of Biofield Treated Peptone and Malmgren Modified Terrestrial Orchid Medium
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
Rakesh Kumar Mishra,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
169-177
Received:
29 October 2015
Accepted:
3 December 2015
Published:
21 December 2015
Abstract: Peptone and Malmgren modified terrestrial orchid (MMTO) has been used as a growth medium for tissue culture applications. This research study was conducted to explore the influence of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on physicochemical properties of peptone and MMTO. The study was performed in two groups i.e. control and treated. The control group was kept aside as untreated, and the treated group was received the biofield energy treatment. The control and treated samples were further subjected to characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, particle size analyzer and surface area analyzer. The XRD analysis revealed the amorphous nature of the control and treated peptone samples. The DSC analysis showed an increase in thermal denaturation temperature of the treated peptone (196.22°C) as compared to the control sample (141.20°C). Additionally, the exothermic peak of treated sample (280°C) was increased as compared to the control (270°C). The DSC of control and treated MMTO showed the absence of the melting temperature in their respective DSC thermograms. The TGA analysis of the treated peptone showed an increase in onset of thermal degradation (172°C) with respect to the control (170°C). Nevertheless, the TGA thermogram of the treated MMTO (293.96°C) showed an increase in maximum thermal degradation temperature (Tmax) as compared with the control (281.41°C). It indicated the good thermal stability of the treated peptone and MMTO samples. The FT-IR result of the treated peptone showed an upward shift in C-H (2817→2833 cm-1), and amide I (1635→1641 cm-1), stretching in the treated sample with respect to the control sample. Whereas, the FT-IR spectrum of the treated MMTO showed an increase in the frequency of the C-H (2817→2833 cm-1) and amide I (1596→1606 cm-1) bands as compared to the control. Particle size analysis of the treated peptone showed an increase in d50 (average particle size) and d99 (size exhibited by 99% of particles) by 9.3 and 41.4%, respectively with respect to the control. Surface area analysis showed increase in surface area by 4.3% in the treated peptone. Altogether, the results corroborated that the biofield energy treatment had altered the physical, thermal and spectral properties of peptone and MMTO. It is assumed that biofield treated peptone and MMTO could be utilized as potential candidates for cell culture applications.
Abstract: Peptone and Malmgren modified terrestrial orchid (MMTO) has been used as a growth medium for tissue culture applications. This research study was conducted to explore the influence of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on physicochemical properties of peptone and MMTO. The study was performed in two groups i.e. control and treated. The control...
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Increased Cell Proliferation by Various Doses of Xenoestrogen in MFC-7 Cell Through Tyrosine Phosphatase Shp2
Wenjie Liu,
Qinyuan Wang,
Zhaokai Wang,
Defeng Wu,
Wenhua Liu,
Juan Wang
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
178-182
Received:
23 December 2015
Published:
23 December 2015
Abstract: Our previous study demonstrated that tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 mediates the estrogen biological action in breast cancer. However, consumer research suggests that the Xenoestrogens exposure in breast tumorigenesisis more important. The present study examined the consequences of different concentrations xenoestrogens exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) and Nonyl Phenol (NP) on cell proliferation and shp2 expression in MCF-7 cell. Phps1 (2x10-8 M), BPA (10-12, 10-11, 10-10, 10-9, 10-8, 10-7, 10-6 M), N P (10-12, 10-11, 10-10, 10-9, 10-8, 10-7, 10-6 M) and was administered in MCF-7 cell, respectively. Results showed the exposure of various concentrations xenoestrogens significantly elevated cell proliferation (P<0.05). Proliferation of MCF-7 cells was down regulated by Phps1 (a Shp2 inhibitor) when cells were treated for 1 h. In addition, the tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 levels were higher in BPA- and NP-exposed indicating that Shp2 plays a crutial role for Xenoestrogens exposure facilitating breast tumorigenesis properties.
Abstract: Our previous study demonstrated that tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 mediates the estrogen biological action in breast cancer. However, consumer research suggests that the Xenoestrogens exposure in breast tumorigenesisis more important. The present study examined the consequences of different concentrations xenoestrogens exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) and...
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Food Components as Markers Linking Health and Environment: Statistical Invariance Analysis of in natura Diet
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
183-196
Received:
24 December 2015
Published:
30 December 2015
Abstract: Diets are key factors that link environmental and human health. Global degradation of ecosystems and health state are firmly related to diet transition and production system. We propose a distinction of in cultura and in natura diet by the culture condition and consequent environmental load it imposes, which leads to the definition of in natura diet as a possible alternative for sustainable diet. By considering food components as markers linking health and environment, we investigate statistically invariant features that characterize the difference between in cultura/natura diets on 2 independent databases, INFOODS food composition database and Synecoculture products. Plural distinctive features between in cultura/natura diets were discovered in numerically sampled intake distribution. Taking the food diversity limit, in natura diet tended to be more consistent in relation to larger population with major components and minerals, and a significant difference with in cultura diet was encrypted in variance component. Possible interpretation of the results may relate recent health burden to historical transition from in natura to in cultura diet.
Abstract: Diets are key factors that link environmental and human health. Global degradation of ecosystems and health state are firmly related to diet transition and production system. We propose a distinction of in cultura and in natura diet by the culture condition and consequent environmental load it imposes, which leads to the definition of in natura die...
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Synergistic Effect of Low Doses of X-rays and Biobras-16 on Yield and Its Components in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Plants
Yanelis Camejo Serrano,
Ramiro Ramírez Fernández,
Franklin Rivera Pineda,
Lilita T. Sueiro Pelegrin,
Dagoberto García Fernández,
María Caridad González Cepero
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
197-202
Received:
24 December 2015
Published:
30 December 2015
Abstract: In Cuba the low tomato crop yield lead to the search for new alternatives to sustainably increase yields. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of low doses of X-rays and Biobras-16 on the increased yield and its components in tomato plants as well as select the optimal combination for use in agriculture. Fresh seeds of the variety of tomato var. Vyta, were exposed to single and combined treatment with X-ray dose of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 Gy and Biobras-16 in concentrations of 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mg.L-1. The experiments were conducted during the months of October to January 2007-2010. The results showed that the combination of 20 and 25 Gy dose of X-rays and 1.5 and 2.0 mg.L-1 Biobras-16 caused a stimulating effect on yield and its components in tomato plants. Also, in this investigation was determined that the optimal treatment to achieve a synergistic effect on yield per plant was 30 Gy + 2.0 mg.L-1, which induced increases in yield and its components. Our results suggested that low doses of x-rays and Biobras- 16 have the potential to improve crop productivity of tomato plants through the improvement of plant yield and yield components.
Abstract: In Cuba the low tomato crop yield lead to the search for new alternatives to sustainably increase yields. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of low doses of X-rays and Biobras-16 on the increased yield and its components in tomato plants as well as select the optimal combination for use in agriculture. Fresh see...
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Lab-scale in vitro Mass Production of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Using Liquid Culture Fermentation Technology
Devang Upadhyay,
Sivanadane Mandjiny,
Rebecca Bullard-Dillard,
Meredith Storms,
Michael Menefee,
Leonard D. Holmes
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
203-207
Received:
8 December 2015
Accepted:
17 December 2015
Published:
30 December 2015
Abstract: The objective of this research is to develop fermentation methodology for the production of the biocontrol agent Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Deployment of this organism will reduce the use of chemical insecticides which threaten the environment. This study shows how to produce the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its bacterial symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens utilizing an in vitro, monoxenic liquid culture. EPNs were cultured in three different bioreactor working volumes of 1.5, 4 and 7 liters with initial nematode inoculation concentrations of approximately 2x103/mL. Liquid nematode media was conditioned with the bacterial symbiont 24 hours prior to nematode inoculation. Within three days after inoculation, infective juveniles (IJs) developed into self-fertilizing hermaphrodites and eventually produced IJ offspring. Maximum nematode densities were obtained seven days post-nematode inoculation. All three working volumes (1.5, 4 and 7 liters) produced final yields of 4.6x104 ± 2000 IJs/mL, 4.2x104 ± 2200 IJs/mL and 3.9x104 ± 2000 IJs/mL, respectively. In vitro scale-up technology can be further optimized for production of this biocontrol agent by improving media formulation, process parameters, bioreactor design and inoculation times that will maximize nematode yield.
Abstract: The objective of this research is to develop fermentation methodology for the production of the biocontrol agent Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Deployment of this organism will reduce the use of chemical insecticides which threaten the environment. This study shows how to produce the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and...
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Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Tb Activity of Root Extracts of Guiera senegalensis (J. F. Gmel)
Adedayo Adebiyi,
Rachael Ayo,
Isaac Bello,
James Habila
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
208-213
Received:
10 November 2015
Accepted:
29 December 2015
Published:
27 January 2016
Abstract: The root of Guiera senegalensis is thought to possess medicinal properties according to Nigerian folklore. This study was undertaken to appraise the phytochemical constituents from polar and non-polar extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) and anti-tuberculosis activities. Data obtained revealed that saponin and tannin appear as the only phyto-compounds in hexane extract, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins and terpenoids were detected in the ethyl acetate fraction while alkaloids, cardenolides, flavonoids, phlobatanins, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids were detected in the methanol extracts. Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) used for sensitivity study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with 10µg/ml rifampicin revealed that the methanol extract from the root of Guiera senegalensis gave 22.71 ± 0.47 mm zone of inhibition whereas the ethyl acetate extract gave a 7.23 ± 1.35 mm zone of inhibition in comparison to 33.70 ± 0.64 mm obtained from the control. The minimal inhibitory content (MIC) of the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were recorded at 2.8 ± 1.52 and 40.01 ± 1.20, while that of rifampicin was 0.38 ± 1.40. The n-hexane extracts did not show any inhibition. The results obtained suggested that the root of the studied plant possess anti-tuberculosis activities with the major activity tailored to the phyto-constituents from the methanol extracts.
Abstract: The root of Guiera senegalensis is thought to possess medicinal properties according to Nigerian folklore. This study was undertaken to appraise the phytochemical constituents from polar and non-polar extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) and anti-tuberculosis activities. Data obtained revealed that saponin and tannin appear as the only p...
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