Insects are the most diverse group of animals on Earth. Contrary to the vertebrates, insects have no acquired immunity, and to resist the invasion of external microbes, they can only rely on their own innate immunity. Innate immunity is the first line of defense in organisms. When microbia invade, a group of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRR) can recognize and bind to conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) , and then the host activates multiple signaling pathways to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Toll signaling pathway is the most actively studied signaling pathway. Toll and its ligand Spatzle play an important role in Toll pathway of the immune response. The structure and function of spatzle in Drosophila, Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori and other insects have been reviewed in this article. The results suggested that spatzle from different insects have conserved structure and similar activation mechanism and plays an important role in the initiation of Toll signaling pathway. This provides a theoretical basis for research on spatzle and Toll signaling pathway in other insects.
| Published in | American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering (Volume 3, Issue 5) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28 |
| Page(s) | 134-141 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Insects, Innate Immunity, Humoral Immunity, Spatzle, Toll Pathway
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APA Style
Ji Liu, Jinmei Wu. (2015). Progress of Research on Spatzle and Toll Signaling Pathway in Insects. American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 3(5), 134-141. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28
ACS Style
Ji Liu; Jinmei Wu. Progress of Research on Spatzle and Toll Signaling Pathway in Insects. Am. J. BioSci. Bioeng. 2015, 3(5), 134-141. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28
AMA Style
Ji Liu, Jinmei Wu. Progress of Research on Spatzle and Toll Signaling Pathway in Insects. Am J BioSci Bioeng. 2015;3(5):134-141. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28
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Download@article{10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28,
author = {Ji Liu and Jinmei Wu},
title = {Progress of Research on Spatzle and Toll Signaling Pathway in Insects},
journal = {American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering},
volume = {3},
number = {5},
pages = {134-141},
doi = {10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bio.20150305.28},
abstract = {Insects are the most diverse group of animals on Earth. Contrary to the vertebrates, insects have no acquired immunity, and to resist the invasion of external microbes, they can only rely on their own innate immunity. Innate immunity is the first line of defense in organisms. When microbia invade, a group of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRR) can recognize and bind to conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) , and then the host activates multiple signaling pathways to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Toll signaling pathway is the most actively studied signaling pathway. Toll and its ligand Spatzle play an important role in Toll pathway of the immune response. The structure and function of spatzle in Drosophila, Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori and other insects have been reviewed in this article. The results suggested that spatzle from different insects have conserved structure and similar activation mechanism and plays an important role in the initiation of Toll signaling pathway. This provides a theoretical basis for research on spatzle and Toll signaling pathway in other insects.},
year = {2015}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Progress of Research on Spatzle and Toll Signaling Pathway in Insects AU - Ji Liu AU - Jinmei Wu Y1 - 2015/12/03 PY - 2015 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28 DO - 10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28 T2 - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering JF - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering JO - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering SP - 134 EP - 141 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2328-5893 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28 AB - Insects are the most diverse group of animals on Earth. Contrary to the vertebrates, insects have no acquired immunity, and to resist the invasion of external microbes, they can only rely on their own innate immunity. Innate immunity is the first line of defense in organisms. When microbia invade, a group of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRR) can recognize and bind to conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) , and then the host activates multiple signaling pathways to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Toll signaling pathway is the most actively studied signaling pathway. Toll and its ligand Spatzle play an important role in Toll pathway of the immune response. The structure and function of spatzle in Drosophila, Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori and other insects have been reviewed in this article. The results suggested that spatzle from different insects have conserved structure and similar activation mechanism and plays an important role in the initiation of Toll signaling pathway. This provides a theoretical basis for research on spatzle and Toll signaling pathway in other insects. VL - 3 IS - 5 ER -
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