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Assessment of Riparian Vegetation Alongside of Huluka River: West Shawa Zone, Central Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
43-47
Received:
10 April 2022
Accepted:
19 May 2022
Published:
31 May 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.bio.20221003.11
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Abstract: Riparian vegetation which is an essential part of riverine ecosystems are highly disturbed and degraded over the world including in Ethiopia. The present study aims to examine the status woody species vegetation alongside of Huluka River. Total of 25 quadrant transects with 100 X 50m were laid out at every 1km distance perpendicular to the flow of the river. At the corners of all transects 10 × 10 m plots was used for the sampling of trees and plot size of 5 × 2 m that nested in the 10 × 10 m plot were used for sampling of shrubs and saplings. In each sample plot all tree species with height (≥2.5 m) and DBH (≥2.5 cm) were measured by using Suunto clinometers and calliper respectively, and all individual shrubs and sapling species were counted. Diversity indices such as Shannon diversity index (H'), evenness index (E), species richness (R), and Simpson diversity index (D) were calculated. A total of 25 trees species belonging to 21 families and 22 shrub species belonging to 19 families were recorded. 99% were indigenous, while the remaining was exotic species. Acacia abyssinica, Juniperus procera and Olea africana from tree species, and Carissa edulis and Maytenus arbutifolia from shrub were the most dominant species. Species diversity ranged between 0.43 and 2.47, whereas evenness ranged between 0.46 and 1.06. Species diversity and richness show increasing pattern from upstream of the river system (Dendi district) to the downstream of the river system (Ambo district), but it depends on the contiguous land uses i.e. riparian vegetation bordered with natural forests higher species richness and diversity, whereas those bordered with grazing land has lower species richness and diversity. The riparian vegetation along the river is highly converting to agricultural and grazing lands, and this results degradation of the vegetation.
Abstract: Riparian vegetation which is an essential part of riverine ecosystems are highly disturbed and degraded over the world including in Ethiopia. The present study aims to examine the status woody species vegetation alongside of Huluka River. Total of 25 quadrant transects with 100 X 50m were laid out at every 1km distance perpendicular to the flow of ...
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Studies of Lodge Bacteria on Lablab purpureau and Pennisetum hybridum for Potential Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Abdullahi Yusuf Bello,
Abubakar Muazu Jodi,
Abubakar Sanusi,
Ridwan Abdulsalam Hussein,
Asabe Danjuma
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
48-52
Received:
18 April 2022
Accepted:
7 May 2022
Published:
31 May 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.bio.20221003.12
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Abstract: A plants tissue lodge bacteria that do not harm plants body but supports its living, these are endophytic bacteria. Studies on Pennisetum hybdridum and Lablab purpureau endophytic bacteria for degradation of Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were carried out. These bacteria were enumerated, isolated conventionally, screened and determine their degradation potential of diesel and kerosene (PAHs). The total culturable bacterial count on Lablab Purpureus (HyB) was 2.0×104 cfu/g and Pennisetum hybridum (KgG) 3.2×105 cfu/g wet plant. About nine (9) bacteria from Lablab purpureau and ten (10) bacteria from Pennisetum hybdridum were isolated by standard plate techniques. These bacteria were screened using minimal salt agar amended with varied concentrations of kerosene and diesel (PAHs). The bacteria KgG-1, Bacillus sp. presented sufficient growth on minimal salt agar plates at 0.8% diesel and 1.0% kerosene. Optimal growth was studied using glucose (0.2 to 1.0 % w/v) as energy and carbon source and cow urine (0.2 to 0.8% v/v) as nitrogen source. The conditions used for optimal growth determination were incubation temperature 36±1°C and incubation period 12 hours interval from 0 to 72 hours. The growth was measured using spectrophotometer 600 nm absorbance. The highest observed growth after addition of glucose (1.0% w/v) in the presence of diesel was 0.53 for a period of 60 hours. Similarly, maximal growth after added kerosene, 0.8% w/v glucose was 0.635 for 60 hours. The cow urine 0.4% v/v in the presence of diesel after 48 hours was maximal 0.20. Also, in the presence of kerosene, the highest growth was 0.235 at 0.4%v/v cow urine for 60 hours. The degradation by Bacillus sp was performed on minimal salt broth contained with 0.8% diesel, 1.0% kerosene per 1000 ml, 1.0% glucose w/v, 0.4% cow urine v/v added with 1 ml bacterial suspension. Control set does not carry bacterial suspension. Optical density was determined from 0 to 96 hours at an interval of 24 hours. For degradation of PAHs, the highest optical density for Bacillus sp. was 0.471 at 72 hours in the presence of kerosene while for diesel 0.532 at 96 hours. Increasing incubation period increases growth rate of Bacillus on PAHs.
Abstract: A plants tissue lodge bacteria that do not harm plants body but supports its living, these are endophytic bacteria. Studies on Pennisetum hybdridum and Lablab purpureau endophytic bacteria for degradation of Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were carried out. These bacteria were enumerated, isolated conventionally, screened and determine their degra...
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Effect of Sulphur on Quality and Nutrient Uptake of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) on Vertisols, Central Highlands, Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
53-62
Received:
29 March 2022
Accepted:
9 May 2022
Published:
31 May 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.bio.20221003.13
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Abstract: Afield experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of Sulphur fertilizer rates on yield, quality and uptake of bread wheat on Vertic Luvisols. The treatments applied as one factor of six levels of sulphur (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg S ha-1). The experiment was carried out at the Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center on clay textured soil under rainfed condition. The analysis of variance for the results of the study revealed among yield and Quality variables of wheat; Thousand Grains Weight, Grain protein content and wet Gluten were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by rates of S. In addition to Grain yield and Hectoliter Weight were highly significant (p < 0.01) by rates of S. Average over S treatments, each S level brought about significant increase in grain yield and protein over no S. Accordingly, 60 kg S ha-1 further increased yields significantly over control (no N), followed by 40, 20, kg S ha-1. Application of 60 kg S/ha increased the grain yield of wheat by 12.64%, 11.39%, 6.44% and 2.52% respectively when compared with the no S application and 60 kg/ha of S increased protein contents of wheat by 2.94%, 1.77%, 1.42% and 1.36% respectively when compared with the no S application. While, partial budget analysis result revealed that, 20kg/ha of Sulphur produced the highest MMR (13.3%) and thus, 20 kg/ha S is found to be economically feasible treatment for bread wheat production in study area of the district.
Abstract: Afield experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of Sulphur fertilizer rates on yield, quality and uptake of bread wheat on Vertic Luvisols. The treatments applied as one factor of six levels of sulphur (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg S ha-1). The experiment was carried out at the Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center on clay textured soil und...
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Evaluation on Diazinol Resistance of Economically Important Dairy Cattle Ticks in Central Highlands of Ethiopia
Tamirat Siyoum,
Beksisa Urge,
Markos Tadele,
Aster Yohannes,
Temesgen Kassa,
Fikadu Gutema,
Berehanu Abera,
Melese Eshete,
Merge Taye,
Helen Aklilu,
Neima Arebu
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
63-69
Received:
30 April 2022
Accepted:
30 May 2022
Published:
8 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.bio.20221003.14
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Abstract: Tick infestation is an economically important condition in cattle. In addition to increasing susceptibility to other diseases, skin damages inflicted by ticks downgrade the quality of skin and hide and the production of milk and wool. Control of these parasites remains a challenge due to the presence of resistance to commercial acaricides. A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire survey followed by an in-vitro acaricidal efficacy test was conducted from 2014 to 2017 to check the existence of resistant tick species to chemical acaricide. Most cases of tick infestation (94.6%) were treated by owners following veterinary professionals’ advice (69.4%). Amblyomma variegatum (A. variegatum), Boophilus decoloratus (B. decoloratus) and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (R. evertsi evertsi) test and reference engorged female ticks were subjected to a modified larval packet test (LPT). Except for the mortality rate (3.33%) in the control group, both test and reference treatment groups exhibited a higher mortality rate (90% to 100%) at all tested concentration levels. A significant variance (P=0.0001) proofed by statistics was detected among test tick species. The LC50 of Diazinol against A. variegatum, B. decoloratus, R. evertsi evertsi and for their references was 0.03834, 0.0783, and 0.03834, respectively. A. variegatum and R. evertsi evertsi showed a resistance factor of 1.310, while B. decoloratus exhibited a factor of 2.676 indicating a level 1 resistance for Diazinol. Further investigation on the existence and seasonal dynamics of other tick species should be investigated. Future works should also look at the utilization of acaricides in a wider area of the district and their efficacy against the existing tick species. Furthermore, farmers’ awareness on the utilization of acaricides should be enhanced through training.
Abstract: Tick infestation is an economically important condition in cattle. In addition to increasing susceptibility to other diseases, skin damages inflicted by ticks downgrade the quality of skin and hide and the production of milk and wool. Control of these parasites remains a challenge due to the presence of resistance to commercial acaricides. A cross-...
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Analysis of Genotype by Environment Interaction for Agronomic Traits of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) Genotypes in Oromia, Ethiopia
Berhanu Sime,
Gudeta Nepir,
Gadisa Alemu
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
70-77
Received:
3 May 2022
Accepted:
28 May 2022
Published:
8 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.bio.20221003.15
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Abstract: Twenty five bread wheat genotypes were tested in 2019/20 cropping season across six environments viz Kulumsa, Bekoji, Assasa, Arsi-Robe, Debre-Zeit and Holeta in alpha lattice design replicated trice. The study cried out with objectives to determine the effect of genotype, environment, and GEI on agronomic traits and to identify stable genotype for specific adaptation. Data was collected for yield and component traits and subjected to different statistical procedures. ANOVA revealed highly significant differences (p < 0.01) among 25 genotypes for grain yield and other studied traits. Combined ANOVA depicted highly significant differences among environments. Genotype ETBW9089 ranked first in mean grain yield in four of the six environments. It showed highest mean grain yield of 9.03 t/ha at Kulumsa, and also showed highest yield (4.00 t/ha) in the lowest yielding environment, Holeta. The proportions total sum of squares for genotype, environment and GEI for grain yield were 5.34%, 84.25% and 10.40%, respectively. Having the largest proportion of sum of squares, the environment had the highest impact on genotype yield performance. The combined ANOVA obtained from AMMI model showed highly significant differences for environment, genotype and GEI. The combined results showed that bread wheat grain yield was significantly affected by the environment (p < 0.01) which explained 82.44% of the total variation, indicating that the environments were highly variable. While genotype and GEI captured 6.23% and 11.33% of the total sum of squares, respectively. The AMMI model demonstrated the presence of significant GEI. The first and second IPCA were highly significantly (p < 0.01) contributed for 88% of the GEI of which PC1 and PC2 accounted for 62.25% and 25.74%, respectively of the variations explained by GEI. Considering both ranks of ASV and grain yield using yield stability index (YSI), BW174466 followed by BW174463) and ETBW9094 were stable genotypes. The results of AMMI’s first four selection of genotypes per environments and GGE-biplot revealed that ETBW9089 is an ideal and promising genotype across most test environments. Moreover, Bekoji was the best discriminating environment to screen bread wheat genotypes. ETBW9089 genotype is suggested to be further evaluated for commercial release.
Abstract: Twenty five bread wheat genotypes were tested in 2019/20 cropping season across six environments viz Kulumsa, Bekoji, Assasa, Arsi-Robe, Debre-Zeit and Holeta in alpha lattice design replicated trice. The study cried out with objectives to determine the effect of genotype, environment, and GEI on agronomic traits and to identify stable genotype for...
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