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Compatibility of Ethiopia’s Import Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) with WTO Rules
Gizachew Girma,
Zemenu Yesigat
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
286-292
Received:
7 October 2015
Accepted:
26 October 2015
Published:
7 December 2015
Abstract: Ethiopia- a party to CPB- needs to benefit from the advantages of modern biotechnology, by managing the possible risks occasioned as a result of the application of the technology on human and animal health, biological diversity and the environment. In an attempt to implement the obligations under the protocol, the country promulgated Biosafety proclamation and Directives which regulate among other things import of GMOs. As Ethiopia is on the way to join the WTO, compatibility of the legal system with WTO rules that would otherwise affect international trade has paramount importance either to facilitate the accession or to prevent future trade disputes before the WTO dispute settlement body. And hence, the purpose of this paper is to explore the regulatory framework of import regulation of GMOs in Ethiopia and to assess its compatibility with WTO rules- namely SPS, TBT and GATT agreements.
Abstract: Ethiopia- a party to CPB- needs to benefit from the advantages of modern biotechnology, by managing the possible risks occasioned as a result of the application of the technology on human and animal health, biological diversity and the environment. In an attempt to implement the obligations under the protocol, the country promulgated Biosafety proc...
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On the General Characteristics of Sinology Researches in Turkey
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
293-298
Received:
22 November 2015
Accepted:
1 December 2015
Published:
22 December 2015
Abstract: As once expressed by the German Sinologist Prof. Dr. Wolfram Eberhard, Sinology is a national discipline for the Turks simply because it is the Chinese sources that provide the most extensive and elaborative records on the ancient Turkish history and culture. Well then, do we, the Turkish sinologists, give due consideration to sinology researches, which function as in integral part of the Turkish history and culture? Sadly, answer to this question is most of the time not affirmative. Even though Wolfram Eberhard levelled up the Turkish sinology to an international scale during his office at Ankara University in 1937-1948, the methods initiated by him could not be resumed after his departure from Turkey, which in turn, resulted in stagnation of the discipline. The fact that sinology researches do not run complementary to one another, and failure to publish research results - which absolutely take great efforts, time and energy- and to make them available for and accessible to a large mass, discipline's failure to come up with long-lasting works that would pave the ground for further researches for the Turkish culture, that native sinologists cannot employ an extensive perspective to sinology researches, and either fail or are unwilling to establish principles with regards to scientific methods utilised to this end can be listed amongst the primary reasons for the aforecited stagnation. Rising generation of the Turkish sinologists were thus deprived of toponomy, titles, personalities and fundamental Chinese works of conventional and modern era that were supposed to be available for them to conduct researches in their field of interest. In this work, it is intended to present an outline of contemporary sinology researches in Turkey.
Abstract: As once expressed by the German Sinologist Prof. Dr. Wolfram Eberhard, Sinology is a national discipline for the Turks simply because it is the Chinese sources that provide the most extensive and elaborative records on the ancient Turkish history and culture. Well then, do we, the Turkish sinologists, give due consideration to sinology researches, ...
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The Effect of Indyer as a Means of Communication Among the Tiv People of Vandeikya Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria
Nancy Ngunan Ugbagir,
Tim Cuttings Agber
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
299-306
Received:
3 December 2015
Accepted:
11 December 2015
Published:
25 December 2015
Abstract: Communication used to form a crucial part of the constituents of social administration of the Tiv society. The Tiv communication as a means of passing information or knowledge from one person or a group of persons to another through the Tiv language, music, dance, symbols and signs was predicated chiefly upon the Tiv indigenous Religious canon. Communication was and is still one of the important aspects of the Tiv social setting among the Kunav Mega Clan of the Tiv people who used different ways to pass information from one entity to another among the populace. Consequently, due to the importance of communication to the people, technological innovations were drastically improved to invent better means or devices of communication and Indyer was invented from the earlier Gbagede and Ilyu. The Indyer was paramount among different means of communication among the Tiv people of Vandeikya and as such any message coming from the beating of Indyer (Indyer í Tan or Kuhan) was considered with grave seriousness. The study looks at the effect of Indyer as a means of communication among the Tiv people of Vandeikya local government area of Benue state, Nigeria. A sample of 363 Tiv people of Vandeikya was drawn using random sampling technique. Apparently, mean and standard deviation were used in answering the research questions while Chi-Square was used in testing the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The study discovered that Indyer has significant effect as a mean of communication among the Tiv people of Vandeikya Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria however, there are potential challenges affecting it. It was recommended that the Federal Government of Nigeria should discard the International Intellectual Property Laws such as The Paris Convention and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPs) and develop its IP laws to be in conformity with indigenous practices and what is obtainable in the Nigerian folds and Christian converts and leaders should accept Indyer as a technological device not a fetish component.
Abstract: Communication used to form a crucial part of the constituents of social administration of the Tiv society. The Tiv communication as a means of passing information or knowledge from one person or a group of persons to another through the Tiv language, music, dance, symbols and signs was predicated chiefly upon the Tiv indigenous Religious canon. Com...
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The Principle Analysis of Perception and Collaboration Between Leader and Follower in Leadership
Mst. Jesmin Ara,
Mahbub Bin Shajahan,
Meer Mosharraf Hossain,
Abdullah Al Amin
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
307-311
Received:
5 December 2015
Accepted:
23 December 2015
Published:
29 January 2016
Abstract: Due to scientific applications and its intricacy, political Work and Social Developments are one of the most challenging research fields of natural world. In this study we have to develop the focus on the perception and collaboration of leader member exchange which constrained by social reality. It is assumed that the perceived quality of the relationship is not only related to the actual quality of the relationship, but also to follower’s expectancies and preferences. However, little is known about person characteristics that are related to leader member perceptions. This study also seeks to examine how far followers' leadership related characteristics are related to the perception of leader member. The main objective of the paper has to identify the effective leadership contributes to the transformation of this reality through the initiation of structure that mobilizes and redirects a group’s identity-based social power.
Abstract: Due to scientific applications and its intricacy, political Work and Social Developments are one of the most challenging research fields of natural world. In this study we have to develop the focus on the perception and collaboration of leader member exchange which constrained by social reality. It is assumed that the perceived quality of the relat...
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