Research Article
Public Influence on the Ethnic Disparity in Stop-and-Search Statistics in Four London Boroughs
Aaron Dippie*,
Marina Hasan
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, April 2024
Pages:
19-27
Received:
20 February 2024
Accepted:
1 March 2024
Published:
13 March 2024
Abstract: The literature on police stop-and-search events over the last two decades has heavily criticised the police for being racially disproportionate towards young black men compared to their white counterparts, resulting in the police being labelled as institutionally racist. However, none of the literature considers the fact that the public reporting of incidents may have had a major and direct influence on police stop-and-search outcomes. This significant issue remains a hidden and under-researched area, even though the disproportionality of police stop-and-search incidents is the leading cause of the negative relationship between the police and black and minority ethnic groups. This study addresses this gap by examining public bias in reporting incidents that result in police stopping and searching an individual. This study addresses this gap by examining public bias in reporting incidents that result in police stopping and searching an individual. A mixed method approach has been taken and primary data has been collected through freedom of information requests from the four borough command units (BCU) of the Metropolitan Police with densely populated areas with Black and Asian minority groups to investigate the link between public calls or reports of incidents and the initiation of police stop-and-search events. This data has been measured against national stop and search statistics in line with demographic data gathered from National Census data for the areas. The research concludes that there is discrimination against black and minority ethnic groups in members of the public reporting concerns. Freedom of information request for quantitative data from the Metropolitan Police reveals that public calls for reported incidents are on average 8.4 times more likely to describe the perpetrator as black European rather than white and 23.9 times more likely in the Central East borough when describing Asian ethnicity.
Abstract: The literature on police stop-and-search events over the last two decades has heavily criticised the police for being racially disproportionate towards young black men compared to their white counterparts, resulting in the police being labelled as institutionally racist. However, none of the literature considers the fact that the public reporting o...
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Research Article
Government Policy or Market Mechanism, Which Is Better for Chinese Private Rocket Enterprises
Sun Wenhe*,
Gao Ke,
Chen Yuanyuan
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, April 2024
Pages:
28-34
Received:
22 November 2023
Accepted:
4 March 2024
Published:
13 March 2024
Abstract: In 2015, Chinese Government issued the Notice on the National Civil Space Infrastructure Medium - and Long-Term Development Plan (2015-2025), announcing that it would support and guide social capitals to participate in the application and development of national civil space infrastructure construction. Later, Chinese private companies are allowed to apply for launch licenses, breaking the traditional model of allocating funds from the state budget and developing rockets only by the "national teams". Many Chinese private rocket companies were registered and established afterwards, and some of them have successfully launched rockets several times in recent years. At the same time, Chinese private rocket enterprises are also facing with many problems, including the low success rate of rockets, the risk of rocket debris falling, high space insurance rates, space junk, talent competition, and corporate survival, etc. In 2023, the Chinese Government issued Notice on Strengthening the License Management for Civil Space Launch Projects, which requires the third-party liability insurance policy and space debris mitigation plan for launch licenses application, meanwhile the last sub-stage of the launch vehicle should de-orbit according to the regulations after taking measures such as passivation, using government policy tools to regulate and guide the development of private rockets. In conclusion, in order to promote the healthy development of commercial launch service industry, the market mechanism should play a leading role, while appropriately regulation and adjustment from the government policy are also needed. In addition, this paper also suggested that the Chinese government should carry out overall planning for the division of labor and product models of state-owned and private rocket companies.
Abstract: In 2015, Chinese Government issued the Notice on the National Civil Space Infrastructure Medium - and Long-Term Development Plan (2015-2025), announcing that it would support and guide social capitals to participate in the application and development of national civil space infrastructure construction. Later, Chinese private companies are allowed t...
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Research Article
Dynamics of Development and Functions of Social Services in Bulgaria
Tsetska Kolarova
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, April 2024
Pages:
35-41
Received:
24 February 2024
Accepted:
7 March 2024
Published:
20 March 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ss.20241302.13
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Abstract: The research objectives of this article are two: 1. to attempt to analyze the current dynamics of development of social services in Bulgaria over the last 4-5 years and 2. to analyze the content of the functions of social services existing today in Bulgaria. The leading method of work on this article is the theoretical analysis aimed at two types of sources: 1. theoretical analysis of the main legal effective document on social services in Bulgaria and 2. theoretical analysis of some literary sources in social work. The dynamics of development of social services in Bulgaria is the result of the entry into force of the Social Services Act, which has a reforming nature in the social sphere in the country. The established practices of the societies of the democratic countries and the broad theoretical generalizations achieved for the social sphere in the 20th century in the works of many authors today really help the countries of Eastern Europe to consider and receive ready-made models for constructing public relations in the field of social services. Some of the functions of social services in nowadays Bulgaria can be distinguished and derived on the basis of the current legislation in the country, and another part is fundamentally inherent in the social sphere in democratic countries and in the theory. Social services in modern Bulgaria have the following functions: preventive, supportive and restorative, control, complex, organizational and planning, accessibility function, function to protect human rights and provide equal opportunity, function to implement change for people, guiding function, social-educational and correctional function, personality change function. The significance of this article consists in the theoretical explanation of the leading functions in social services in the modern conditions of life in Bulgaria. Social services are a field of action and probably have some potential to become one of the tools for uniting the currently diverse not only Bulgarian society, and clarifying the problem with the functions of social services could help to find some practical solutions to live together in peace.
Abstract: The research objectives of this article are two: 1. to attempt to analyze the current dynamics of development of social services in Bulgaria over the last 4-5 years and 2. to analyze the content of the functions of social services existing today in Bulgaria. The leading method of work on this article is the theoretical analysis aimed at two types o...
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