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Analysis of Wheat Yield Gap and Variability in Ethiopia
Fisseha Zegeye,
Bamlaku Alamirew,
Degefa Tolossa
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
89-98
Received:
5 February 2020
Accepted:
9 March 2020
Published:
29 June 2020
Abstract: Wheat is among important cereal crops to ensuring food and nutrition security in developing countries like Ethiopia. The demand for wheat is projected as significantly increases mainly due to a rapidly population growth in the countries. Globally, wheat yield must grow at least by 1.6%. Whereas, in Ethiopia, the yield must grow from the current level 4.6 million tons to 10 million tons. This paper hence, presents the analysis of wheat yield and the underlying causes of its variability among farmers across major wheat growing areas of the country. Data was used from the farm-household survey conducted in 2014/15 by EIAR in collaboration with CIMMYT. Supplementary secondary data on wheat area, production and consumption, and available wheat varieties were used from CSA and MoARD. Data were analyzed using various techniques (including descriptive, inferential statistics and regression analysis). One way ANOVA was used to analyze the yield variability; whereas Weighted Least Square method was applied to identify the underlying causes for the variability of wheat yield among farmers. The result indicates that the average wheat production level per hectare (2.7 tons/ha) has been on the increase with inter annual variability, but the yield level is very low as compared to that of the research station (6-7 tons/ha) and the estimated average potential (5 tons/ha) in highland areas of the country. The yield gap analysis shows that 61%, 55% and 46% of wheat yield gap existed when the national average yield was compared with that of the actual yield at research station, farmers’ plot and potential yield at highland part of the country, respectively. The empirical analysis found there is statistically significant level of yield variability among wheat growers. The findings of the study revealed that use of improved technologies and production inputs, household assets, support services, and agro-ecologies were the primary factors that cause wheat yield variation in Ethiopia. It is recommended that site-specific wheat production management, technology requirement map, proper institutional support services and sustainable natural resource management following inter and intra-farm/plot variability.
Abstract: Wheat is among important cereal crops to ensuring food and nutrition security in developing countries like Ethiopia. The demand for wheat is projected as significantly increases mainly due to a rapidly population growth in the countries. Globally, wheat yield must grow at least by 1.6%. Whereas, in Ethiopia, the yield must grow from the current lev...
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Profit Analysis of Virus Free Sweet Potato and Vine Multiplication by Smallholder Farmers in Selected Regions of Tanzania
Castory Kibiki,
Khamadin Daud Mutabazi,
Fred Tairo
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
99-105
Received:
2 June 2020
Accepted:
23 June 2020
Published:
13 July 2020
Abstract: Sweet potato production using certified virus free vines and virus free vine multiplication promote high yields which are significant for enhancing food security and income generation among small holder farmers. This study examines the cost and benefit of sweet potato tuber production using certified virus free vines and virus free vine multiplication among smallholder farmers in the Lake Victoria and Coastal Zones in Tanzania. Primary data were collected from 495 sweet potato farmers and virus free vine multipliers using survey tool (questionnaire). About 362 farmers who are producers sweet potato tubers and 133 farmers who are virus free vine producers were chosen from each zone using simple random sampling technique. The cost and benefit analysis were calculated using Microsoft Excel 2007. The findings of the study showed that the benefit of sweet potato production using certified virus free vines in Lake Victoria Zone was 1,284,665.64 Tanzanian shillings per hectare and that in Coastal Zone was 1,159,524.60 Tanzanian shillings per hectare. Furthermore, was revealed that benefit of virus free sweet potato vine multiplication in Lake Zone was 219,086.54 Tanzanian shillings per hectare and in Coastal Zone was 305 948.59 Tanzanian shillings per hectare. The Benefit Cost Ratio obtained in sweet potato production using certified virus free vines in Lake Zone was 5.04 per hectare and Coastal zone was 3.71 per hectare. The Benefit Cost Ratio obtained in virus free sweet potato vine multiplication in Lake Zone was 2.91 per hectare and Coastal zone was 2.11 per hectare. Therefore, investment in sweet potato tuber production using virus free vines and virus free vine multiplication is worth undertaking in both Zones since farmers generate profit and hence enhanced food security.
Abstract: Sweet potato production using certified virus free vines and virus free vine multiplication promote high yields which are significant for enhancing food security and income generation among small holder farmers. This study examines the cost and benefit of sweet potato tuber production using certified virus free vines and virus free vine multiplicat...
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Effect of Anchor Borrowers Programme (ABP) on Technical Efficiency of Beneficiary Rice Farmers in Kebbi State, Nigeria
Gona Ayuba,
Mahmud Abba,
Maikasuwa Mohammed Abubakar
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
106-113
Received:
4 May 2020
Accepted:
11 June 2020
Published:
17 July 2020
Abstract: The study examined the effect of Anchor Borrowers Programme on technical efficiency of beneficiary rice farmers in Kebbi State, Nigeria. A Multi stage sampling technique was used to select 500 beneficiary and non-beneficiary rice farmers each giving a sample size of 1000 rice farmers for the study. Data collected were analyzed using stochastic frontier production function. Results from the technical efficiency estimates showed that the beneficiary rice farmers had mean value of 0.91 while the non-beneficiary farmers had mean value of 0.79 The study indicated that although both categories of farmers were inefficient in the use of existing resources, the ABP beneficiaries are more technically efficient suggesting that ABP enhances the technical efficiency of the beneficiary farmers. Results also show that for the beneficiary rice farmers, Age was significant and positively related to technical efficiency at 12% level of probability and Educational level, Farming experience, membership of cooperative, seed variety, planting technology and income level had negative relationship with technical efficiency at 1% level of probability while for non-beneficiary farmers. Age had positive relationship with technical efficiency at 1% while Educational level, Farming experience, membership of cooperative, seed variety, planting technology and income level had negative relationship with technical efficiency at 1% level of probability. It is recommended that Policies should be tailored towards inclusiveness of more farmers into the ABP. The programme should also be extended to cater for other sub-sectors of the Agricultural sectors such as Livestock and Aquaculture.
Abstract: The study examined the effect of Anchor Borrowers Programme on technical efficiency of beneficiary rice farmers in Kebbi State, Nigeria. A Multi stage sampling technique was used to select 500 beneficiary and non-beneficiary rice farmers each giving a sample size of 1000 rice farmers for the study. Data collected were analyzed using stochastic fron...
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Determinants of Adoption of Improved Teff Varieties by Smallholder Farmers: The Case of Kobo District, North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Susie Teshome,
Bosena Tegegne
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
114-122
Received:
29 May 2020
Accepted:
15 June 2020
Published:
28 July 2020
Abstract: Adoption and wider diffusion of improved teff varieties is playing vital role in reversing the present situation of food insecurity in many parts of Ethiopia. However, the uses of improved teff varieties are constrained by various factors. Hence, in this study, an attempt was made to examine factors affecting adoption and intensity of use of improved teff varieties. A multi-stage random sampling technique was employed to select 150 sample households from Kobo district. Double-hurdle model was used to identify factors influencing households’ adoption decision and intensity of use of improved teff varieties. The result of double-hurdle model shows that educational level of household head, participation on crop production demonstration, distance from the nearest market, frequency of extension contact, off/non-farm income, proportion of cultivated land allocated for teff, livestock holding, improved teff seed availability, and perception on better yielding capacity of the new varieties over local varieties were found to be significantly influencing households adoption decision, whereas, sex, age, family labor, membership to an organization, off/non-farm income, frequency of extension contact and land allocated for teff were found to be significantly influencing the intensity of use of improved teff varieties. Therefore, the result implies that strengthening the existing extension services, providing good transport facilities for farmers through infrastructural development, improving access to improved seeds, improving farmers’ level of education, strengthening farmer’s organization, encouraging the use of labour saving technologies, improving crop-livestock production system and provision of demonstrations of new technologies are areas that need policy attentions to enhance adoption and intensity of use of improved teff varieties. Further, high yielding teff varieties need to be given special priority in teff variety scaling out programs.
Abstract: Adoption and wider diffusion of improved teff varieties is playing vital role in reversing the present situation of food insecurity in many parts of Ethiopia. However, the uses of improved teff varieties are constrained by various factors. Hence, in this study, an attempt was made to examine factors affecting adoption and intensity of use of improv...
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Review on Determinants of Economic Efficiency of Smallholder Maize Production in Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
123-132
Received:
26 June 2020
Accepted:
28 July 2020
Published:
10 August 2020
Abstract: Maize is Ethiopia‘s staple crop and is widely grown by smallholder farmers in most part. However, the productivity of this crop is remaining low relative to the potential available in the country. These have aggravated the food insecurity situation by widening the gap between demand for and supply of food. In Ethiopia, information on the determinants of economic efficiency and levels of smallholder maize production is lacking. This paper was aimed at reviewing the determinants of economic efficiency and the level of technical, allocative and economic efficiency of smallholder maize production in Ethiopia. In these review determinants like age, sex, education, livestock holding, frequency of contact with extension agent, participation in off/non-farm income, household perception, credit use, distance, mobile use, land fragmentation, land ownership and soil fertility were identified as the main determinants of economic efficiency of smallholder maize production in Ethiopia. The level technical, allocative and economic efficiency were different author to author through the review. This indicated that the smallholder maize producer in Ethiopia encountered the problem of inefficiency in maize production. Hence, planning and implementing suitable policy intervention by focusing on the abovementioned determinants are important in Ethiopia.
Abstract: Maize is Ethiopia‘s staple crop and is widely grown by smallholder farmers in most part. However, the productivity of this crop is remaining low relative to the potential available in the country. These have aggravated the food insecurity situation by widening the gap between demand for and supply of food. In Ethiopia, information on the determinan...
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Review on Production and Marketing of Wheat in Ethiopia
Chernet Worku,
Mamaru Abebe
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
133-141
Received:
22 March 2020
Accepted:
30 April 2020
Published:
13 August 2020
Abstract: Among the most important crops grown in Ethiopia wheat is one, both as a source of food and income generating venture for farmers in the country. Wheat and wheat products represent 14% of the total caloric intake in Ethiopia. Wheat is a cereal crop, which is produced in most parts of Ethiopia. Ethiopia is the second next to Egypt in Africa in wheat production which is 4.54 million tons. This study was aimed at reviewing wheat production and marketing in Ethiopia, with specific objectives of reviewing the wheat Production, supply and its Constraints in Ethiopia, major Marketing actors and function of wheat in Ethiopia, marketing structure, conduct and performance of wheat in Ethiopia as well as constraints and opportunities of wheat marketing in Ethiopia. The data were collected from secondary sources mainly from FAOSTAT, CSA and different published materials on wheat market chain in Ethiopia. The general idea of the review shows that Ethiopia has potential for wheat production but the two sides of agricultural constraints are production and marketing from the producer side faced with Rain failure, higher fertilizer price and delayed delivery, Soil erosion, Labor shortage, Lack of credit access, Lack of Draft power and Prevalence of crop diseases. On marketing side, lack of market information providing institutions, higher input price, multiple taxes, chemical herbicides adulteration, absence of road service, poor product quality and high cost of input, weak market linkages among market. In wheat marketing, the major actors identified during the review were; producers, farmer traders, urban assemblers, wholesalers, retailers, processors (millers, flour mill), consumers and commission agent. The market actors involved in different activities (wholesaling, retailing, assembly). Therefore, the government and other concerned bodies should focus on increasing production and productivity of wheat which in turn focused for establishing well wheat market development for mutual benefits of all actors.
Abstract: Among the most important crops grown in Ethiopia wheat is one, both as a source of food and income generating venture for farmers in the country. Wheat and wheat products represent 14% of the total caloric intake in Ethiopia. Wheat is a cereal crop, which is produced in most parts of Ethiopia. Ethiopia is the second next to Egypt in Africa in wheat...
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Assessing the Effect of Agriculture Sub-sectors on the Gambia’s Economic Growth Using Time Series Econometric Models
Fatou Jobarteh,
Majige Selemani
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
142-149
Received:
1 July 2020
Accepted:
21 July 2020
Published:
19 August 2020
Abstract: The study aimed to assess the contribution of agriculture sub-sectors on the economic growth of The Gambia. The study used time series data obtained from The Gambia Bureau of Statistics for the period from 2004 to 2016. Variables included: Economic growth, Crops, Livestock, Fisheries and Forestry. Denton’s method of disaggregation was used to convert annual data into quarterly series. Auto Regressive Distributed Lag model of the co-integrating vector was re-parameterized into Error Correction Model and used to assess the effect of the study variables to the economic growth. The results reveal that crops and fisheries sub-sectors have strong positive effect on economic growth in the long-run while crops and livestock sub-sector have positive effect in the short run to economic growth in first lag. The study concludes that agriculture sub-sectors influence economic growth in The Gambia. Therefore, the study recommends that massive attention and investments be directed to the agriculture sector for more economic expansion.
Abstract: The study aimed to assess the contribution of agriculture sub-sectors on the economic growth of The Gambia. The study used time series data obtained from The Gambia Bureau of Statistics for the period from 2004 to 2016. Variables included: Economic growth, Crops, Livestock, Fisheries and Forestry. Denton’s method of disaggregation was used to conve...
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