Research Article
Assessing Climate Vulnerability in the Haor Wetland Region of Bangladesh: Policy and Governance Implications for Livelihood Resilience and Ecosystem-Based Adaptation
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
317-342
Received:
9 September 2025
Accepted:
24 September 2025
Published:
28 October 2025
Abstract: The Haor wetland region of Bangladesh faces growing climate vulnerability due to its unique geomorphology and hydrological complexity. This study assesses climate-induced hazards and their impacts on agriculture, ecosystems, and livelihoods using a nine-step methodology guided by the Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment (CRVA) framework. Data were collected through household surveys, FGDs, and KIIs. Historical climate trends and future projections were analyzed using downscaled CMIP6 data under the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. Findings indicate that by the 2030s and 2050s, the Haor region will experience increased temperatures and precipitation, by the 2030s, maximum winter temperatures are projected to rise by 0.87-0.9°C and under SSP5-8.5, winter rainfall may decrease by about 10%, while monsoon rainfall is expected to increase by 1.7-2% under SSP1-2.6, situation will be further aggravated by 2050; exacerbating risks such as floods, erosion, habitat degradation, and biodiversity loss. Agricultural systems are particularly susceptible to early flash floods, droughts, irrigation shortfalls, and labor shortages, all of which heighten the risk of crop failure and threaten food security. The vulnerability projections and mapping reveal more dynamic and location-specific trends. Under SSP1-2.6, Golapganj upazila’s vulnerability rises from low to moderate by the 2030s, with most other upazilas—except Kulaura—experiencing further deterioration by the 2050s. Under SSP5-8.5, Juri upazila enters a high vulnerability zone by the 2030s, while Kulaura shifts to moderate vulnerability during the same period but reverts to low vulnerability by the 2050s. Vulnerability is disproportionately borne by marginalized groups, including the poor, women, children, the elderly, and persons with disabilities. A logit regression model was used to identify determinants influencing agricultural vulnerability in the Haor region. It was found that household savings, access to credit, use of quality inputs, crop diversification, knowledge of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), land area affected by disasters, and access to irrigation and larger landholdings were significantly affecting agricultural vulnerability in the region. The findings underscore the need for improved extension services, access to climate-resilient inputs, farmer education, and infrastructural investments to enhance resilience in the Haor agricultural systems., The study also assessed sector-specific risks and adaptive responses. It identified existing indigenous coping strategies and proposed ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approaches to strengthen long-term resilience. The findings offer critical policy insights and governance recommendations to support climate-resilient development and equitable adaptation in one of Bangladesh’s most ecologically sensitive regions.
Abstract: The Haor wetland region of Bangladesh faces growing climate vulnerability due to its unique geomorphology and hydrological complexity. This study assesses climate-induced hazards and their impacts on agriculture, ecosystems, and livelihoods using a nine-step methodology guided by the Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment (CRVA) framework. Data were...
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Research Article
Assessing Tomato Market Outlets Efficiency in Andhra Pradesh, India - Evidence from PCA-DEA Analysis
Kotamraju Nirmal Ravi Kumar*
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
343-364
Received:
30 September 2025
Accepted:
14 October 2025
Published:
31 October 2025
Abstract: The study aims to evaluate and compare the marketing efficiency of five tomato marketing channels—local wholesalers, Rythu Bazars, processors, retail malls, and restaurants—in terms of net price realization for smallholder farmers in Andhra Pradesh. A two-stage sampling framework was employed, selecting Ananthapuramu district due to its prominence in tomato cultivation and further narrowing the focus to Kalyanadurgam and Settur mandals. A total of 300 smallholder tomato farmers (each with landholding ≤2 hectares) were selected, with 60 farmers representing each marketing channel. Data are collected through structured surveys and official secondary sources. Principal Component Analysis findings reveal distinct structural patterns across channels, with the number of significant principal components varying accordingly. Local wholesalers and processors exhibit ten principal components, capturing 70.66% and 70.95% of variance, respectively, indicating structured market behaviour. Rythu Bazars, characterized by direct producer-to-consumer transactions, demonstrate eleven principal components explaining 76.39% of variance, suggesting greater heterogeneity in pricing mechanisms and operational dynamics. Retail malls and restaurants, with ten principal components each, account for 71.09% and 70.56% of variance, respectively, reflecting structured market behaviour and dominant procurement strategies. Findings from Data Envelopment Analysis revealed significant efficiency disparities among the five marketing channels. Retail malls (Channel 4) emerge as the most efficient channel, with a mean Variable Returns to Scale Technical Efficiency score of 0.982, while local wholesalers (Channel 1) register the lowest efficiency (0.918) due to resource misallocation and intermediary costs. Scale efficiency analysis indicates that Channels 1 and 2 (local wholesalers and Rythu Bazars) exhibit increasing returns to scale, suggesting potential efficiency gains through capacity expansion. Overall, retail malls and Rythu Bazars demonstrate higher efficiency scores, ensuring better price transparency and reduced intermediary costs. The study underscores the need for enhanced infrastructure, digital market integration, producer cooperatives, and cold storage facilities to improve market access and efficiency.
Abstract: The study aims to evaluate and compare the marketing efficiency of five tomato marketing channels—local wholesalers, Rythu Bazars, processors, retail malls, and restaurants—in terms of net price realization for smallholder farmers in Andhra Pradesh. A two-stage sampling framework was employed, selecting Ananthapuramu district due to its prominence ...
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Research Article
The Impact of Contract Farming on Efficiency Among Soybean Producers in Northern Ghana: Evidence from an Endogenous Treatment Effect Model
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
365-375
Received:
11 October 2025
Accepted:
25 October 2025
Published:
3 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijae.20251006.13
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Abstract: This study investigates the association of contract farming (CF) with technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies among soybean farmers in Northern Ghana. The study employed multistage sampling techniques to collect data from 374 soybean farmers (200 contract farmers and 174 non-contract farmers) across three districts in the study area. The endogenous treatment effect regression model was used for the estimation to address potential self-selection bias in contract participation, using the maximum likelihood estimation method. A stochastic frontier analysis was first used to estimate efficiency scores, which were then used as dependent variables in the endogenous treatment effect model. Results demonstrate that contract farming has significant positive effects on all efficiency measures. Specifically, CF soybean farmers technical efficiency increases by 37%, allocative efficiency increases by 35%, and economic efficiency increases by 6%. The estimated correlation between treatment assignment errors and outcome errors are statistically significant, suggesting that farmers with above-average efficiency metrics are more likely to participate in CF arrangements. We conclude that CF is a pathway to enhance soybean productivity and efficiency. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and agricultural development practitioners seeking to improve efficiency in soybean production through institutional arrangements like CF, while accounting for the farmers’ inner ability and behavioral factors in CF decision-making.
Abstract: This study investigates the association of contract farming (CF) with technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies among soybean farmers in Northern Ghana. The study employed multistage sampling techniques to collect data from 374 soybean farmers (200 contract farmers and 174 non-contract farmers) across three districts in the study area. The e...
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