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Intensity and Determinants of Rural Poverty in Banja District of Awi Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia
Desalegn Teshale Woldie,
Jema Haji,
Abule Mehare
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, May 2020
Pages:
49-62
Received:
25 March 2020
Accepted:
11 May 2020
Published:
29 May 2020
Abstract: Poverty is one of the most serious problems of human deprivation and a complex phenomenon. Ethiopian government have been implementing different poverty reduction programs and strategies to fight extreme hunger and poverty. The struggle to reduce rural poverty at household level is a continuing challenge. This study was conducted in Banja district of Awi zone Amhara regional state. The specific objectives of this study were to estimate the rural poverty status, to identify factors determining rural poverty and to estimate the average exit time of poor households. In order to achieve these objectives, cross sectional data on human capital, physical capital, financial capital, natural capital and other institutional characteristics were collected from 190 households drawn from randomly selected five kebeles using structured household questioner. Descriptive and inferential statistics, and econometric model were used to analyze data on poverty status and poverty level, respectively. Hence, setting the poverty line, identifying poor and non-poor rural households, measuring the incidence, depth and severity, and mean comparison between the groups were made. Accordingly, using Cost of Basic Needs approach, the estimated poverty line was Birr 4301 per adult equivalent per year. The Foster Greer and Thorbeck measure of poverty found that 44 percent of sample households were found below poverty line and the poverty gap and poverty severity were 9 percent and 2 percent, respectively. The estimated average exit time of the poor households based on the five-year average per capita Gross Domestic Product growth rate was 3.35 years. Tobit model result showed that household size significantly and positively influence poverty whereas number of livestock and oxen ownership, educational level of the household head, input utilization, asset ownership and credit utilization negatively influenced poverty in the study area. The result suggests that improving adult education, provision of input for smallholder farmers, improving access and availability of credit, improving the livestock sector will be important policy interventions.
Abstract: Poverty is one of the most serious problems of human deprivation and a complex phenomenon. Ethiopian government have been implementing different poverty reduction programs and strategies to fight extreme hunger and poverty. The struggle to reduce rural poverty at household level is a continuing challenge. This study was conducted in Banja district ...
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Agriculture Trade Scenario in India and Its Global Comparisons
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, May 2020
Pages:
63-70
Received:
21 February 2020
Accepted:
3 April 2020
Published:
17 June 2020
Abstract: Indian economy has undergone structural changes over time with the anticipated decline in the share of agriculture in GDP. Despite a fall in its share from 55.1 percent of GDP in 1950-51 to 15.35 percent in 2015-16, the importance of agriculture has not diminished mainly for two reasons. First, country achieved self-sufficiency in food production at the macro level, but still a food deficit country facing massive challenges of high prevalence of malnourished children and high incidence of poverty. Second, the dependence of the rural workforce on agriculture for employment has not declined in proportion to the sectoral contribution to GDP. It is in this context of rapid transformation of trading environment in India and the world as a whole, an attempt has been made to examine the growth pattern of agricultural sector in India. The study also examined the commodity composition and structural changesinagricultural exportsand direction of agricultural exports of India from 1991-92 to 2013-14. The study reveals that in 24 years of post-reform period, the growth of agriculture and allied sector has not been stable. It is more or less dependent on monsoon which shows the backwardness of the Indian agriculture sector and failure of new reforms to improveagriculture sector. Trends in imports and exports show that integration of Indian agriculture with global economy has improved considerably during post reform period. But still percentage of imports in total imports is quite less and percentage of exports to totalexports has shown declining trend during the post reform period particularly post-WTOperiod. Regarding the international comparisons of India with other countries, the study depicts that India lags behind the world in all the major indicators of agricultural growth. India is also facing critical situation as regards the production and yield of selected commodities. As most of the farming in India is monsoon dependent. Irrigation problems have to be addressed by the government. Indian agricultural productivity is very less as compared to world standards due to use of obsolete farming technology. Sustainability in agriculture is of utmost importance. When proper technology (in water management at the regional, state and national levels as well as crop plan of what to produce and where to produce) is used, it will be a win-win situation for both the farmers and the country.
Abstract: Indian economy has undergone structural changes over time with the anticipated decline in the share of agriculture in GDP. Despite a fall in its share from 55.1 percent of GDP in 1950-51 to 15.35 percent in 2015-16, the importance of agriculture has not diminished mainly for two reasons. First, country achieved self-sufficiency in food production a...
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Determinants of Farmers’ Confidence Level in the Financial Sector of Ghana: A Case of the Ejura Sekeredumase Municipality of the Ashanti Region
Yenibehit Nanii,
Awoyemi Abiodun Emmanuel,
Akorsikumah Eli Andreaws,
Akurugu Sumaila,
Adongo Azure Simon,
Adam Umar,
Alhassan Abdul Fataw
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, May 2020
Pages:
71-79
Received:
2 May 2020
Accepted:
26 May 2020
Published:
17 June 2020
Abstract: This paper adopted the PPO model to examine determinants of the confidence level of farmers on the financial institutions using 274 randomly selected farmers from Ejura Sekeredumase Municipality. About 44.9% of the farmers reported not having confidence in the financial institutions of the country, 21.9% were somehow confident in the sector, 17.5% were confident whereas only 15.7% were very confident in the sector. Male farmers were more likely to be very confident in the financial sector whilst education in years, farmers who ever lost savings or investment as well as those with current savings and/or investment all had positive outcome in the likelihood of being very confident in the financial sector. Duration of farmers with a financial institution and farmers who ever encountered challenges in a financial institution are less likely to be very confident in financial institutions in Ghana. The Central Bank should develop a different proactive educational model or approach to educate farmers on how to identify risk and other exposures that may be associated with the financial institutions operating in the rural areas in order to enable them to take decisions towards savings and investment. This will boost their confidence levels.
Abstract: This paper adopted the PPO model to examine determinants of the confidence level of farmers on the financial institutions using 274 randomly selected farmers from Ejura Sekeredumase Municipality. About 44.9% of the farmers reported not having confidence in the financial institutions of the country, 21.9% were somehow confident in the sector, 17.5% ...
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Regional Differences in Technology Gap Ratio and Efficiency in African Agriculture: A Stochastic Metafrontier Analysis
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, May 2020
Pages:
80-88
Received:
26 May 2020
Accepted:
9 June 2020
Published:
20 June 2020
Abstract: Agriculture plays an important role in the African continent’s growth. However, regions’ characteristics differences explain different types of production technologies use leading to a technological gap which delays these regions’ economic convergence. This article uses the stochastic metafrontier analysis based on a new approach for Technical Efficiency’s (TE) estimation and the technological gap ratios (TGR) of the agricultural production of the five African regions from 1980 to 2012. The results reveal a very high average TE score of 92.73% of the five regions whereas a low TGR score of 35.63% is noticed. The EAST region is the closest one to the best technology available with a 68.73% score. Besides, these results also show the existence of a catch-up phenomenon between low TGR level countries and those with higher TGR level. Zimbabwe has the highest catch-up score with a yearly average of 3%. Considering the agricultural sector's importance in Africa's national production, the results suggest increasing investments in Research and Development, popularizing services, and a policy of larger expansion of the technologies applied by the regions close to the optimal technology in order to facilitate new agricultural production techniques’ adoption and development. Agriculture plays an important role in the growth of the African continent. However, regions diversity of characteristics explains the use of different types of production technologies, resulting in a technology gap that delays the economic convergence of these regions.
Abstract: Agriculture plays an important role in the African continent’s growth. However, regions’ characteristics differences explain different types of production technologies use leading to a technological gap which delays these regions’ economic convergence. This article uses the stochastic metafrontier analysis based on a new approach for Technical Effi...
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