Research Article
Water Evaporation and Soil Suction Measurements of Different Soil Types in Jordan
Monther Abdel Hadi*,
Nidhal Saada,
Jumana Hussary
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, February 2024
Pages:
1-9
Received:
6 December 2023
Accepted:
27 December 2023
Published:
23 January 2024
Abstract: Jordan is considered a semi-arid region with an average annual precipitation of 111 mm/year. Therefore, it is essential to study and understand the soil properties to reduce water losses and maximize water storage within the land. The current research offers the results of evaluating the evaporation rates and the soil suction for four types of soils, Silica sand, Brown clay, Limestone and Marlstone in Jordan. An experimental approach was conducted for the evaluation of evaporation from a soil column, made up of one single soil type and single gradation, for measured soil properties and climatic conditions. Using the filter paper approach, the matric and total suction were measured for the same samples at different saturation levels. Results show that the evaporation rates start to decline from the potential evaporation to lower rates of actual evaporation. The results also show a direct relationship between the evaporation rate and saturation. In addition, the soil suction test results show an inverse relationship between suction, degrees of saturation, particle size and texture of the soil. It is recommended to use small particle-sized Limestone to reduce evaporation in Jordan. It is also recommended to use Brown clay in deeper soil layers due to its ability to suction water to the surface of unsaturated soils. Finally, further studies could be conducted to investigate the percentage of soils to be mixed with the original ones and the proper soil layering and their effective thicknesses.
Abstract: Jordan is considered a semi-arid region with an average annual precipitation of 111 mm/year. Therefore, it is essential to study and understand the soil properties to reduce water losses and maximize water storage within the land. The current research offers the results of evaluating the evaporation rates and the soil suction for four types of soil...
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Research Article
Current Methods and Challenges of Managing Clinical Solid Waste at Juba Teaching Hospital, South Sudan
Moses Osman Mathew Woni*,
William Bol Yaak Giet,
David Nasir Morris,
Charles Mahmoud Sebit Manya,
Paul Lado Demetry Jubek
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, February 2024
Pages:
10-18
Received:
21 August 2023
Accepted:
14 September 2023
Published:
21 February 2024
Abstract: The amount of clinical solid waste generated at Juba Teaching Hospital has been increasing as a result of the increasing population of Juba city. Despite the increase in the amounts of clinical solid waste, few scientific studies were conducted and the studies focused only on municipal solid waste management and have not explored clinical solid waste management in Juba City. A survey study aimed to explore the current methods and challenges of clinical solid waste management (CSWM) at Juba Teaching Hospital was conducted. The data was obtained through questionnaires, observation and oral interview. Word-excel-2013 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) IBM – 2021 version were used to process the data. The results revealed inappropriate methods of clinical solid waste management practices such as irregular collection, mixing different types of solid wastes together, use of water bottles instead of safety boxes for segregation of sharps, manual transportation of solid wastes, unprotected storage site, irregular incineration, open burning and random dumping. Reasons such as insufficient equipment, negligence of hospital administrators and few numbers of waste collectors was attributed to the inappropriate management of clinical solid waste in the hospital. The study recommended adoption of recycling strategies, employment of more waste handlers, commensurate remuneration and motivation, provision of enough equipment, creation of staff awareness and capacity development on health implications of poor clinical solid waste management.
Abstract: The amount of clinical solid waste generated at Juba Teaching Hospital has been increasing as a result of the increasing population of Juba city. Despite the increase in the amounts of clinical solid waste, few scientific studies were conducted and the studies focused only on municipal solid waste management and have not explored clinical solid was...
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Research Article
Water Quality Assessment of Groundwater Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques: A Case Study of Mogadishu, Banadir Region, Somalia
Abdolahi Mohamed Adawe*,
Saed Jama Abdi,
Abdirahman Mayow Abdi,
Abdirahman Dahir Omar
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, February 2024
Pages:
19-29
Received:
19 January 2024
Accepted:
30 January 2024
Published:
21 February 2024
Abstract: This study was carried out to assess the groundwater quality around the Mogadishu area, Banadir region, Somalia. Multivariate statistical techniques such as factor analysis (FA), principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA)were applied to 22 groundwater samples collected from boreholes and dug wells in the coastal line districts namely: Wadajir, Kaxda and Dharkinley districts of Banadir region, Somalia. Correlations among 14 hydrochemical parameters were statistically examined. A two-factor model is suggested and explains over 82.4% of the total groundwater quality variation. Factor Analysis (FA) revealed significant variables including electrical conductivity (EC), pH value and other parameters such as K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, SO42- and hardness expressed as CaCO3, Chlorine, Fluoride, B, S, Si, and NO3 which are responsible for variations in groundwater quality and affect water chemistry. The results were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard guidelines. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to create the spatial distribution maps of water quality parameters. Cluster Analysis (CA) grouped all sites into three zones based on spatial similarities and dissimilarities of physiochemical properties. The pH value and Boron, fluoride calcium, magnesium, sulfide, potassium, and Silica are well within the desirable limit at all locations. However, the concentration of conductivity chloride, hardness as CaCO3, sulfate, nitrate, and Sodium in all samples exceeded the desirable WHO maximum permissible limit. The study reveals that the groundwater quality changed due to anthropogenic and natural influences such as natural weathering processes. As a result of this the qualities of the boreholes and dug well water samples were therefore not suitable for human consumption without adequate treatment. Regular monitoring of groundwater quality, abolishing unhealthy waste disposal practices, and introducing modern techniques are recommended.
Abstract: This study was carried out to assess the groundwater quality around the Mogadishu area, Banadir region, Somalia. Multivariate statistical techniques such as factor analysis (FA), principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA)were applied to 22 groundwater samples collected from boreholes and dug wells in the coastal line districts nam...
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