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Climate Change Induced Marginality: Households’ Vulnerability in the Meal Consumption Frequencies
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
103-112
Received:
12 May 2014
Accepted:
17 May 2014
Published:
30 May 2014
Abstract: The paper examines the impact of recent cyclones Sidr and Aila on the vulnerability of the meal consumption frequencies of the marginalized poor households in the southern part of Bangladesh where tropical cyclones persuaded by adverse effect of climate change hit repeatedly the coastal districts. Last two cyclones Sidr in 2007 and Aila in 2009 invaded the southern part of Bangladesh and caused huge death tolls and casualties. The nexus among climate change-marginality and vulnerability is the main focus here. Households become marginalized when cyclones destroy houses, infrastructure, drinking water, sanitation and cropping lands through upsurge of sea water ensuing breaking down the traditional agricultural production system. Propensity score matching technique is used to find the impact of cyclones on vulnerability as the problem of selection biasedness may arise. From the various matching techniques it is evident that households those are affected by any of the last two cyclones Sidr and Aila exhibit about 9 to 14 percentage increase of the vulnerability in the meal consumption frequencies of the marginalized rural households. The ordered probit model demonstrate that the marginal effect of some household characteristics such as number of income sources, non-agricultural activities, migration, education, agricultural land, savings and safe drinking water exhibit significant negative effect whereas wage-earning and distance from roads exhibit positive effect with both extreme and moderate vulnerability.
Abstract: The paper examines the impact of recent cyclones Sidr and Aila on the vulnerability of the meal consumption frequencies of the marginalized poor households in the southern part of Bangladesh where tropical cyclones persuaded by adverse effect of climate change hit repeatedly the coastal districts. Last two cyclones Sidr in 2007 and Aila in 2009 inv...
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Multi-Temporal Change Detection at a Limestone Mining and Cement Production Facility in Central Nigeria
Fanan Ujoh,
Muhammad Mamman Alhassan,
Frederick Terkuma Ujoh
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
113-121
Received:
15 May 2014
Accepted:
4 June 2014
Published:
10 June 2014
Abstract: Limestone mining and cement production at Yandev, Nigeria commenced in 1980 without an environmental impact assessment (EIA) to ascertain the extent of impact these activities could bring to bear on the physical and living conditions of the host environment. This study was carried out to assess the impact that mining of limestone and production of cement has inflicted on the quality and density of vegetation within the study area about 32 years since production commenced. Multi-temporal satellite imageries of the study area (Landsat for 1976, 1986, 1996 and Nigeriasat-1 for 2006), ILWIS Academia 3.3 and SPSS Version 15 were used for data analyses. Landuse and landcover (LULC) change detection; land surface temperature (LST) extraction; and normalized differentials of vegetation index (NDVI) estimation were carried out. The paired t-test was used for landcover data analysis. The study discovered first, that LULC changes occurred with built-up area increasing from 0.05 km2 in 1976 to 1.51 km2 by 2006, thus representing the landcover category with the highest gain. Conversely, thick vegetation declined from 4.30 km2 in 1976 to 1.51 km2 in 2006. Thick vegetation category lost to all other landcover categories while gaining only 0.07 from water bodies. The projected LULC of the study area by 2015 reveal an expected expansion in built-up area from 1.51 km2 in 2006 to 1.90 km2 by 2015, whereas thick vegetation is expected to further decline from 1.51 km2 in 2006 to 0.80 km2 by 2015. Second, the LST have risen over the study epochs (1976, 1986 and 1996) while NDVI signifies decline in quality and health status of vegetation cover over the study period (1986, 1996 and 2006). The study concludes that there is rapid decline in density and quality of vegetation cover within the study area. Ameliorative measures are recommended to include reforestation and improvement in limestone mining methods/techniques amongst others.
Abstract: Limestone mining and cement production at Yandev, Nigeria commenced in 1980 without an environmental impact assessment (EIA) to ascertain the extent of impact these activities could bring to bear on the physical and living conditions of the host environment. This study was carried out to assess the impact that mining of limestone and production of ...
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Spatial and Temporal Changes of Climatic Variables and Its Impact on Natural Disasters in Bangladesh
Meher Nigar Neema,
Md. Azit Siraj
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
122-130
Received:
11 May 2014
Accepted:
28 May 2014
Published:
20 June 2014
Abstract: Bangladesh is confronted with a big challenge to mitigate the significant impact of climate change. Due to the climate change, Bangladesh has already experienced average maximum temperature rising, minimum temperature decreasing, rainfall, relative humidity and cloud coverage decreasing resulting frequent and severe floods, tropical cyclone, extensive river bank erosion and drought. This paper focuses mainly to identify the spatial and temporal changes of climatic variables namely temperature, rainfall, humidity and cloud coverage of Bangladesh using data from Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) and Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARC) at 32 stations and also find out the adverse impacts of climate change especially on natural disasters of Bangladesh. To determine the climatic variability an inclusive meteorological estimation was carried out for the period of 2007-2011 and the results were compared with the period 1987-1991. The results of the climatic variability show that the average maximum temperature is increasing at a rate of 0.03°C per year but the annual minimum temperature is decreasing at a rate of 0.003°C per year. On the other hand, the annual rainfall, relative humidity and cloud coverage decreased by 0.63 mm, 0.013 percent and 0.007 respectively per year. For these climatic changes during the period 1970 to 2013, one hundred thirty four (134) major and minor cyclones hit the coastal regions of Bangladesh and almost two-third (88) of them hit in the period of 1992-2013 which is very alarming for our survival. On the other hand, it shows that the intensity and frequency of extreme flood events have significantly increased and the most extensive floods in the period 1954-2012 occurred after 1986 (1987, 1988, 1998, 2004, 2007) are considered by hydrologists to be at a size expected only once in every 20 years. The floods of 1987, 1988, 1998, 2004 and 2007 and cyclones of 1991, 1997, 2007 and 2009 are direct impact of climate change in Bangladesh.
Abstract: Bangladesh is confronted with a big challenge to mitigate the significant impact of climate change. Due to the climate change, Bangladesh has already experienced average maximum temperature rising, minimum temperature decreasing, rainfall, relative humidity and cloud coverage decreasing resulting frequent and severe floods, tropical cyclone, extens...
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Characterization of Sprawling in Kaduna Metropolitan Area
Ndabula,
Christopher,
Jidauna,
Godwill Geofrey,
Averik,
Peter Danjuma,
Oyatayo,
Taofik Kehinde,
Abaje,
Iliya Bitrus,
Ali,
Andesikuteb Yakubu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
131-137
Received:
23 May 2014
Accepted:
14 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: This study aims at using quantitative indices as an improved approach to characterize, analyze and explain urban sprawling beyond the traditional spatial or cartographic mapping and monitoring method which lacks the effectiveness to analyze and explain the details of temporal, horizontal and vertical dimensions of these urban sprawling. In this study, eight (8) indices; Built-up Change Intensity Index (Ti), Built-up Dynamic Index (Ki), Built-up Rate of growth (L), Sprawling Index (Si), Net Urban Density Index (D1), Marginal Density Index (D2), and Fragmentation Index (F1). These indices were based on three measures of urban growth parameters; measures based on land conversion, density trends and metropolitan form. These quantitative values computed were then interpreted infer if these urban growth patterns could be regarded as sprawling as well as to check for the rate and magnitude of sprawling and thus the environmental and socio-economic implications of these for the study area. RS/GIS methods facilitated achievement of results using cartographic modeling of urban spatial growth which provided estimates used for computation of indices under review. Results revealed that Built-up Change Intensity Index (Ti) has a gradual increasing trend from 7.8% between 1967 and 1987 to 11.88% between 2001 and 2009. On the other hand both Built-up Dynamic Index (Ki) and Rate of Growth (L) showed declining trend from 24.89 and 1.01% to 18.04 and 0.53% respectively between 1967/87 and 2001/2009. Deductions from all the indices used indicated that the growth patterns of Kaduna Metropolis cannot be significantly regarded as sprawling. Kaduna metropolis is a combination of traditional and modern city with compact built-up, even though it is surrounded with medium developments along its ribbon-like transportation routes including the Kaduna-Kachia, Kaduna-Abuja, to the south, Kaduna-Birnin Gwari and Kaduna-Zaria, to the north and along the Western-Bye pass and recently Eastern-Bye pass under construction.
Abstract: This study aims at using quantitative indices as an improved approach to characterize, analyze and explain urban sprawling beyond the traditional spatial or cartographic mapping and monitoring method which lacks the effectiveness to analyze and explain the details of temporal, horizontal and vertical dimensions of these urban sprawling. In this stu...
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Analysis of the Economic and Environmental Benefits through the Reverse Logistics for Retail
Renata Borini Marcondes e Santos,
Sergio Silva Braga Junior,
Dirceu da Silva,
Eduardo Guilherme Satolo
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
138-143
Received:
26 May 2014
Accepted:
17 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: The growing consumption has generated a lot of waste to be discarded and consequently raise the degree of pollution of the planet. In this sense, this research aims to analyze the environmental gains with the practice of reverse logistics in retail and quantify cardboard and plastic volumes that ceases to be disposed in landfills. To quantify the environmental gain, Wuppertal method, which quantifies the non-contaminated waste, was used to measure the economy of water and air by the interviewed companies. This research was raised the volume of waste recycled by four Brazilian supermarkets. The volume generated is representative and the environmental gains are evident. Results show that within the retailing reverse logistics is a practice that adds value and creates sustainability in jail on other processes connected to it.
Abstract: The growing consumption has generated a lot of waste to be discarded and consequently raise the degree of pollution of the planet. In this sense, this research aims to analyze the environmental gains with the practice of reverse logistics in retail and quantify cardboard and plastic volumes that ceases to be disposed in landfills. To quantify the e...
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Islands of Felicity? – The Effect of Land Cover Changes in and around Protected Areas: A Case Study of Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
152-161
Received:
13 June 2014
Accepted:
27 June 2014
Published:
10 July 2014
Abstract: In recent decades, Vietnam’s network of protected areas experienced extensive growth. More than 160 terrestrial and marine protected areas (approximately 2.2 million ha) associated with remarkable reforestation demonstrate major changes within environmental policies. Nevertheless, the degradation of the existing natural forest communities, the associated loss of species and decreasing resilience suggest that Vietnam has still not reached a satisfactory point of conserving these natural habitats. The current study presents an impressive example of land cover change over a period of approximately 40 years at the Bach Ma National Park. Deforestation and degradation processes are a result of illegal activities and land use changes, a consequence of the increasing population. However, land use conflicts often occur outside of protected areas where land cover changes are concentrated and accelerated.
Abstract: In recent decades, Vietnam’s network of protected areas experienced extensive growth. More than 160 terrestrial and marine protected areas (approximately 2.2 million ha) associated with remarkable reforestation demonstrate major changes within environmental policies. Nevertheless, the degradation of the existing natural forest communities, the asso...
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Analysis of Soil Parameters Causing Dieback in Sundarbans
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
162-171
Received:
16 June 2014
Accepted:
30 June 2014
Published:
10 July 2014
Abstract: A Sundarbans mangrove in Bangladesh is facing tremendous problems of heavy metal contaminations in soil (Awal, 20014). The present work has explored some of the possible parameters involved, focussing particularly on the relationship between the amount of top-dying in different places and the concentrations of a number of chemical parameters present in the soil, in order to test the hypothesis that chemical pollution might be responsible (Awal, 2014). Other factors such as the pH, salinity and nutrient status were also assessed (Awal 2014). Nine plots were selected for sampling of soil in order to categorise different areas in terms of their intensity of top-dying (Awal 2007). 63 soil samples were tested, mainly by ICPMS, to investigate certain parameters of the soil such as Sn, Exchangeable K, Soil pH, Pb, Zn, Ni, EC, soil nutrients, soil moisture content, and elemental concentrations of 32 other elements (Awal 2009). The vegetation structure was assessed in terms of tree height, bole diameter, species present, and regeneration status; and the intensity of top-dying within the plots was recorded on a rank scale. Most of the elements studied had no significant correlation with the top dying of Heritiera fomes. However, Sn, Exchangeable K, and soil pH were significantly related, and three elements, namely Pb, Zn, Ni, were also close to significance (Awal, 2007). Sn concentration is negatively associated with top dying. Soil pH varied significantly in the different plots (Awal 2007). Exchangeable K was positively associated with the tree diameter whether the top dying was severe or mild (Awal 2007). However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb , Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigour of the trees and allowing other parameters such as pathological agents to attack the plants (Awal, 2007).
Abstract: A Sundarbans mangrove in Bangladesh is facing tremendous problems of heavy metal contaminations in soil (Awal, 20014). The present work has explored some of the possible parameters involved, focussing particularly on the relationship between the amount of top-dying in different places and the concentrations of a number of chemical parameters presen...
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