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Biomonitoring of Non – Essential Heavy Metals Concentrations in the Tono Irrigation Dam Using Mussel Tissues
Aaron N. Aaron N.,
D. Gyasi – Antwi,
Rudolf A. Nyaaba
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2013
Pages:
121-127
Received:
28 August 2013
Published:
20 October 2013
Abstract: One of man’s worst endeavour to augment sustainable industrial development of water bodies is non – essential, highly – persistent, bio-accumulative and extremely toxic heavy metals contamination. After over three decades of continuous excessive use of xenobiotic chemicals in farming around the Tono irrigation dam, an effective modus operandi of monitoring the non – essential heavy metals concentrations is of utmost interest; thus the hub of this research work. Accumulation of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb and Sb in the tissues of bivalves, Anodonta rugifera mussels were studied at various different hydrographical sampling locations of the water body at Tono irrigation dam. These concentrations were in the range of 0.39-4.00, 0.39-3.72, 1.08-2.04, 0.73-14.65, 3.57-9.13, 0.10-11.91 and 0.11-1.47 respectively. The overall mean concentration values of these metals were in the order Ni > Hg > Pb > Cr > Cd > As > Sb.
Abstract: One of man’s worst endeavour to augment sustainable industrial development of water bodies is non – essential, highly – persistent, bio-accumulative and extremely toxic heavy metals contamination. After over three decades of continuous excessive use of xenobiotic chemicals in farming around the Tono irrigation dam, an effective modus operandi of mo...
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Lead Deposition from Mobile Sources: A Case Study of Ndola-Kitwe Dual Carriage Highway
Cuthbert Casey Makondo,
Jhonnah Mundike,
Phenny Mwaanga
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2013
Pages:
128-133
Received:
3 September 2013
Published:
20 October 2013
Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to investigate levels of lead contamination from past use of leaded fuel in motor vehicles along the Kitwe-Ndola dual-carriage way (high way), in the Copperbelt Province of Zambia. The study was conducted over a period of seven months (April to November, 2012). Following the phasing out of leaded fuel in Zambia in 2010, the question that needed addressing was “how much of the lead on the surface and sub-surface levels in soils was due to leaded fuel influence?” To answer this question, sixteen (16) sampling points were set from which 32 samples were collected to analyze for soil lead levels along the highway (HWY). The selection of the study area and consequently sampling points was based either on heavy traffic, economic activities or population density along the HWY. The samples were collected at different depths (0.05m and 0.50 m) and varying distances (5m and 50m) from the HWY at the selected sampling points. The collected samples were then analyzed for the lead content in triplicates. The results showed that concentrations reduced with distance from the HWY and concentrations were generally higher on the surface (0.05m) than at the bottom (0.50m). The results further showed higher concentrations of lead at points where vehicles generally slowed down along the HWY. This was particularly the case with the police check point (611 ppm) which had the highest levels of lead contamination on the soils. The results of this study revealed that there is lead contamination of soils along the Kitwe-Ndola HWY which emanated from mobile sources. It could therefore be seen that two (2) years after the phasing out of leaded fuel in Zambia, the soil lead levels remain influenced by the past use of leaded fuel.
Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to investigate levels of lead contamination from past use of leaded fuel in motor vehicles along the Kitwe-Ndola dual-carriage way (high way), in the Copperbelt Province of Zambia. The study was conducted over a period of seven months (April to November, 2012). Following the phasing out of leaded fuel in Zambia i...
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Evaluation of Physiochemical Parameters in Hand-Dug Wells Water in Burutu, Delta State, Nigeria
Esi E.O.,
Marere S.O.,
Peretomode M.,
Asiagbe E. T,
Ohwona C.
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2013
Pages:
134-140
Received:
25 September 2013
Published:
20 October 2013
Abstract: This study investigated the physiochemical parameters in hand dug wells in Burutu L.G.A. in Delta State. A total of five selected hand dug wells samples were analyzed using standard methods. The observed physiochemical parameters were colour, odour, temperature, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, turbidity, total hardness, total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), BOD, COD, nitrate (NO5), phosphate (PO3-4) and sulphate (SO2-4). The results of the hand dug wells water ranged concentrations are: Temperature (23 - 25OC), pH (5.94 - 7.22), conductivity (45.00 - 1870.00 µs/cm), alkalinity (0.80 - 35.20), total hardness (60.06 - 132.13 mg/l),TDS (20.00 - 1140.00 mg/l), TSS (30.00 - 1140.00 mg/l), BOD5 (11.52 – 400 mg/l), COD (284.00 - 1060.00 mg/l), NO3 (0.88 - 6.00 mg/l), PO3-4 (0.01 - 2.47 mg/l) and SO2-4 (0.69 - 13.78 mg/l). The high concentration of some parameters shows contamination of the hand dug well water, since they exceeded WHO standard for drinking water. This may cause some health risks on the end user. Therefore the water should be thoroughly treated before usage.
Abstract: This study investigated the physiochemical parameters in hand dug wells in Burutu L.G.A. in Delta State. A total of five selected hand dug wells samples were analyzed using standard methods. The observed physiochemical parameters were colour, odour, temperature, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, turbidity, total hardness, total dissolved solid (TDS), t...
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Environmental Impact of Seawater Desalination Plants: Case Study in Algeria
Kamal Mohammedi,
Anissa Talamali,
Youcef Smaili,
Imane Saadoun,
Aomar Ait-Aider
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2013
Pages:
141-148
Published:
30 October 2013
Abstract: This paper focuses on Environmental impacts associated with concentrated brine rejection in the Mediterranean arising from seawater desalination plants in Algeria. We present a case study on the environmental impacts of Cape Djinet Power/MSF seawater desalination plant. These impacts are mainly due to brine discharge but also to a lesser degree the chemicals used in the cleaning of various modules, thermal pollution, etc.. We performed the measurement of four parameters (temperature, pH, salinity and conductivity), exergy analysis and numerical simulation to visualize the effects of rejection. Measurements of temperature and pH are compliant Algerian liquid discharges indicated in the legislative knowing that there are no limits imposed on the conductivity and salinity. Global results show no effect while there is a local impact due to the relatively small size of the resort of Cape Djinet (4x500 m3/day). CFD simulation was used to visualize the effect of brine discharge in the sea.
Abstract: This paper focuses on Environmental impacts associated with concentrated brine rejection in the Mediterranean arising from seawater desalination plants in Algeria. We present a case study on the environmental impacts of Cape Djinet Power/MSF seawater desalination plant. These impacts are mainly due to brine discharge but also to a lesser degree the...
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Effect of Alpha-Cypremethrin on Morphological Parameters in Tomato Plants (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill.)
Karim CHAHID,
Amin LAGLAOUI,
Said ZENTAR,
Abdeslam ENNABILI
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2013
Pages:
149-153
Published:
30 October 2013
Abstract: Devastating insects are responsible of losses in quantity and quality of agricultural production. To overcome this problem, farmers use pesticides, obtained by chemical synthesis and representing the major cause of agricultural contamination of soil and groundwater. Thus, pesticides may present important risks because of their persistence, bioavailabilityand mobility, in spite of their correct application. This study has evaluated the effect of alphacypermethrin (pyrethroids class), largely used in tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill.) treatment in the Northern area of Morocco.Synthetic pyrethroids are widely used as the broad-spectrum pest control agents in agricultural production because of their selective insecticidal activity, rapid biotransformation and excretion by the mammalian catabolic system and non-persistence in the environment. The effect of alpha-cypermethrin on seeds germination and seedlings growth of tomato has been studied based on morphological parameters and by using four dilutions of the normal concentration used in agriculture (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%) for germinating seeds, and only the normal concentration used in agriculture for growing tomato plants. The results indicated that alpha-cypermethrin induced a delay of germination and growth process. The germination rate of treated seeds was generally 20% lower than the control treatment. Generally the control’s germination rate was around 97% in all days of measurement period. A decrease in germination rate was observed in all concentrations of α-cypermethrin; the rate was between 80% and 88.7% and it was generally constant throughout the test period. Furthermore, the length of roots and shoots in treated seeds was significantly reduced. In this regard, shoot length of the treated seedlings was 25% and 50%-reduced for the concentrations of 25% and 100%, respectively, when compared to control shoots length. A similar result was also observed in roots, the length of the treated seedlings’roots was generally 29% and 50%-reduced for the concentrations of 25% and 100%,respectively, when compared to control roots length. Concerning the growth of roots and shoots in treated plantlets, a reduction was observed when compared to the control plantlets growth. The growth delay in the treated seedlings was observed at the 2nd week of the test period. Shoot length of treated plantlets was generally around 12%reduced when compared to the control. The same result was observed in treated plants’ roots which length was also 7% reduced compared to untreated seedlings. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test were utilised for the Post-hoc tests. A significance level of 0.05 was used for all statistical tests.
Abstract: Devastating insects are responsible of losses in quantity and quality of agricultural production. To overcome this problem, farmers use pesticides, obtained by chemical synthesis and representing the major cause of agricultural contamination of soil and groundwater. Thus, pesticides may present important risks because of their persistence, bioavail...
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Thailand Characterization Factors for Human Health and Biodiversity Damage of Chemical Substances in Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Chantima Rewlay-ngoen,
Seksan Papong,
Toshiaki Kubo,
Norihoro Itsubo,
Pomthong Malakul,
Sate Sampattgul
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2013
Pages:
154-160
Received:
27 September 2013
Published:
10 November 2013
Abstract: The environmental impact assessment for chemical substances on human health damage has been of significant interest sometime in the EU, USA, and Japan. In Thailand, such an environmental impact is now receiving more attention. The present study focuses on developing the damage factors of chemical substances on human health based on the multi-media box type fate and exposure model via IMPACT 2002, with the model adapted to Thailand. Human health damage factors are expressed in terms of disability–adjusted life year (DALY) per kg emission. The development method includes four steps: fate analysis, exposure analysis, potency, and severity analysis. This study derived new damage factors of 144 chemical substances that quantify the impact damage of an emission change on human health damage. It was found that the characterization factors for human health damage range from 7.3410-9 to 1.30103 DALY per kg emitted. This work provides new information for damage factors on human health in Thailand based on the IMPACT 2002 model, modified for Thailand. Future research should include uncertainty analysis of the major relevant parameters, which could provide information on the reliability of the damage function.
Abstract: The environmental impact assessment for chemical substances on human health damage has been of significant interest sometime in the EU, USA, and Japan. In Thailand, such an environmental impact is now receiving more attention. The present study focuses on developing the damage factors of chemical substances on human health based on the multi-media ...
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Modified Activated Carbon and Bentonite Used to Adsorb Petroleum Hydrocarbons Emulsified in Aqueous Solution
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2013
Pages:
161-169
Received:
2 October 2013
Published:
10 November 2013
Abstract: Adsorption is one commonly used technique for treatment of petroleum contaminated water. This study aims to modify the adsorption surface of bentonite clay and activated carbon as organoclay and acid modified activated carbon, respectively. The modified and unmodified adsorbents were characterized by analysis of specific surface area, cation exchange capacity and point of zero charge (pHpzc). Furthermore, adsorbents efficiencies were evaluated in the adsorption of petroleum hydrocarbon from oil-water emulsion. The synthetic wastewater samples were generated by emulsifying diesel oil in distilled water to investigate the effects of: (i) contact time, (ii) initial hydrocarbon concentration, (iii) pH, and (iv) adsorption isotherm. The modification of bentonite and activated carbon produced higher adsorption capacity than the unmodified adsorbents. In addition, the results showed that the adsorption of hydrocarbon depend strongly on pH and increased with increasing contact time and the equilibrium was reached after 3 and 4 hr with clays and activated carbons, respectively. The hydrocarbon removal efficiency achieved in the following order: organic bentonite > acid modified activated carbon > bentonite > activated carbon. The modified bentonite is an excellent alternative in the adsorption of hydrocarbon from oil-water emulsion removal with the highest adsorption capacity (48 mg/g at 2 g/L). Freundlich isotherm was best to describe the adsorption isotherm of hydrocarbons from oil-water emulsion by the all adsorbents.
Abstract: Adsorption is one commonly used technique for treatment of petroleum contaminated water. This study aims to modify the adsorption surface of bentonite clay and activated carbon as organoclay and acid modified activated carbon, respectively. The modified and unmodified adsorbents were characterized by analysis of specific surface area, cation exchan...
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Waste Management in the Oil and Gas Industry by Brazilian Guideline for Environmental Audits - DZ-056-R.3
Eva .C. S. Nunes,
Assed N. Haddad
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2013
Pages:
170-175
Received:
25 September 2013
Published:
10 November 2013
Abstract: Oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) is the main activity for the offshore economy. Yet, this it is also responsible for many of the major environmental accidents. Environmental legislation acts strongly in this type of activity, through limitations in the exploration processes and control procedures for the generation, storage, transportation and disposal of waste, applying penalties in cases of non-conformances, such as oil spills at sea and air pollutants emissions. In this context, waste management is very important for these operations, because of the complexity and dangerousness with the waste generated, and the cost of their destination. This work presents the offshore waste management system, introducing the procedures and controls according the requirements of the Brazilian Guideline for Environmental Audits, DZ-056-R.3.
Abstract: Oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) is the main activity for the offshore economy. Yet, this it is also responsible for many of the major environmental accidents. Environmental legislation acts strongly in this type of activity, through limitations in the exploration processes and control procedures for the generation, storage, transportat...
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An Experimental Study to Improve the Design of Brine Discharge from Desalination Plants
Raed Bashitialshaaer,
Magnus Larson,
Kenneth M Persson
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2013
Pages:
176-182
Received:
11 November 2013
Published:
10 December 2013
Abstract: An experiment was performed in water resources engineering department laboratory at Lund University of Sweden to investigate the behavior of inclined negatively buoyant jets. Such jets arise when brine is discharged from desalination plants and improved knowledge of their behavior is required for designing discharge systems that cause a minimum of environmental impact on the receiving waters. In the present study, a turbulent jet with a specific salinity was discharged through a circular nozzle at an angle to the horizontal into a tank with fresh water and the spatial evolution of the jet was recorded. In total, 72 experimental cases were carried out where four different initial jet parameters were changed, namely the nozzle diameter, the initial jet inclination, the jet density (or salinity), and the flow rate (or exit velocity). The measurements of the jet evolution in the tank included five geometric quantities describing the jet trajectory that are useful in the design of brine discharge systems. From the data analysis some geometric quantities describing the jet trajectory showed strong correlations. Also, the results confirmed that the new relationships between the parameters can develop the current knowledge for the new plan to design desalination plants outfall. Thus, if the vertical and horizontal distance to the maximum centerline level (or, alternatively, the maximum jet edge level) can be predicted, other geometric quantities can be calculated from the regression relationships that were developed.
Abstract: An experiment was performed in water resources engineering department laboratory at Lund University of Sweden to investigate the behavior of inclined negatively buoyant jets. Such jets arise when brine is discharged from desalination plants and improved knowledge of their behavior is required for designing discharge systems that cause a minimum of ...
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Adsorption of Chlorendic Acid onto Hydrophilic Fumed Titanium Dioxide (P25)
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2013
Pages:
183-187
Received:
11 November 2013
Published:
20 December 2013
Abstract: The adsorption behavior of chlorendic acid (1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7-hexachlorobicyclo-(2, 2, 1) -hept-5-ene-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid) onto hydrophilic fumed TiO2 (P-25, Degussa) in aqueous suspension was investigated. Results indicate that chlorendic acid adsorbed strongly in short times (2-5 mins) onto TiO2. Adsorption data is consistent with Langmuir-Hinshelwood isotherm model for monolayer adsorption and the shape of the isotherm indicates second order behavior. Calculated adsorption constant K, and maximum adsorbable quantity at 20oC were obtained as (0.12 ± 0.03) l/mg and (4.4 ± 0.2) mg/g TiO2 respectively. Adsorption of chlorendic acid in water onto TiO2 is exothermic.
Abstract: The adsorption behavior of chlorendic acid (1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7-hexachlorobicyclo-(2, 2, 1) -hept-5-ene-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid) onto hydrophilic fumed TiO2 (P-25, Degussa) in aqueous suspension was investigated. Results indicate that chlorendic acid adsorbed strongly in short times (2-5 mins) onto TiO2. Adsorption data is consistent with Langmuir-Hins...
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Three-Dimensional Multi-Physics CFD Simulations of Sand Transfer around a Cube
Kazuto Matsui,
Masaya Suzuki,
Makoto Yamamoto
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2013
Pages:
188-193
Received:
8 January 2014
Published:
20 February 2014
Abstract: Recently, concerns on environmental problem of the earth are rapidly growing on. One of the typical issues is desertification. To stop or suppress the harmful effects of desertification, the prediction method which can clarify the mechanism of desertification is required. For the purpose it is expected that numerical simulations are very useful. A number of research papers on sand transfer have been published in the literatures. However, they assumed that the sand particle trajectory is parabolic. This assumption would over-simplify the physics. Our final goals are to construct the multi-physics simulation technique which can correctly reproduce sand transfer, and, by applying it, to develop an effective prevention method for desertification. The purpose in the present study is to investigate the effect of particle trajectory computation. Simulating three-dimensional sand transfer around a cube, and comparing the numerical results with the experiments, we confirmed that our method can reasonably predict sand transfer around a cube, and the pressure gradient force should be taken into account in the particle trajectory computation.
Abstract: Recently, concerns on environmental problem of the earth are rapidly growing on. One of the typical issues is desertification. To stop or suppress the harmful effects of desertification, the prediction method which can clarify the mechanism of desertification is required. For the purpose it is expected that numerical simulations are very useful. A ...
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