Abstract: Hypertension is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Several factors contribute to its development, including chronic stress, which may induce hypertension by increasing sympathetic activity. The signs of increasing sympathetic activity can be primarily detected in the initial phase of hypertension, which is characterized by the increase in cardiac output. In addition to the hemodynamic consequences (increase in cardiac output, tachycardia, coronary vasoconstriction, proarrhythmia), the increase in sympathetic activity has many harmful effects. Numerous metabolic (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia), structural and trophic effects (endothelial dysfunction, vascular hypertrophy, myocardial hypertrophy), as well as thrombotic and humoral processes (procoagulation, enhancement of thrombocyte aggregation, sodium retention, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis) may develop and consequently damage body functions at many targets. Several different antihypertensive drug classes are available for reducing increased sympathetic activity, including peripheral alpha and beta blockers and compounds with central effects. First generation antihypertensive drugs with central mechanisms of action (e.g. clonidine, guanfacine, alpha-methyldopa) is currently rarely administered and only for a few indications as they have a significant adverse events profile. Among second generation compounds with central effects, rilmenidine stimulates imidazoline-1 receptors and thus beneficially influences mild or moderate hypertension that involves enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity.Abstract: Hypertension is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Several factors contribute to its development, including chronic stress, which may induce hypertension by increasing sympathetic activity. The signs of increasing sympathetic activity can be primarily detected in the initial phase of hypertension, which is characterized by the i...Show More
Abstract: Background:- Syphilis generally considered to be a sexually transmitted disease, can also be transmitted in utero, and rarely by blood transfusion or non-sexual contact and is characterized by episodes of active disease, interrupted by latency. Congenital syphilis poses a significant challenge especially because infants may be still born, asymptomatic or present with a variable clinical picture at birth. Syphilis has been implicated in increasing susceptibility to HIV infection. We under took this study to determine the seroprevalence of syphilis in a tertiary care setting of Northern India and to identify an association with HIV-infection. Material & Method: - Of the total 19860 samples received during 5 years, VDRL was performed on 19860 samples and TPHA on 65 samples. Results: - 65 (0.33%) were found to be positive by VDRL. The patient’s positive for syphilis included 23 pregnant females (0.15% of the ANC samples received), 14(21.5%) HIV positive patients, 24 were from STD clinic (2.3% of the samples received from STD clinic). Conclusions: - The strong association between syphilis and HIV seroprevelence in this study suggests that acceleration of direct linkages between STI testing and HIV counseling and testing will be useful in enhancing the control of STI and HIV in India.Abstract: Background:- Syphilis generally considered to be a sexually transmitted disease, can also be transmitted in utero, and rarely by blood transfusion or non-sexual contact and is characterized by episodes of active disease, interrupted by latency. Congenital syphilis poses a significant challenge especially because infants may be still born, asymptoma...Show More
