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and shear stress 
on oblique section can only make sure partly body balance while not every particles. The value of and is less than the equilibrium stress...
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Development of Performance Prediction Models for Gravel Roads Using Markov Chains
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times of the unit balance stress in the state of pure extension. The extreme stress is not the principal stress of cell body but the balance stress of particle. Using this formula, the problem existed for 350 years that the stretch-shear act on a bar is easer destroyed relate to the compress-shear acted can be explained perfectly. What’s more, this theory has also been validated in the Damage Mechanics National Key Laboratory of Tsinghua University. The error between this theory and actual is only 1%, while based on three and fourth strength theory, the errors are 14.2%, 18.2% respectively. It’s also the root cause of large bridge collapse.