Research Article
Application of IoT-enabled Piezoelectric Sensors for Strength Monitoring of Concrete by Direct and Indirect Transmission
Yash Janardhan Rasal*
,
Raju Narwade
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
213-225
Received:
12 June 2026
Accepted:
23 June 2026
Published:
8 July 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajce.20261404.11
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Views:
Abstract: Concrete strength monitoring plays an important role in ensuring the safety and performance of civil engineering structures. Conventional methods used for determining compressive strength are generally destructive in nature and do not allow continuous monitoring of concrete behavior during the curing period. In the present study, an Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled monitoring system using piezoelectric sensors was developed to assess the strength development of M40 grade concrete. Two sensor configurations, namely direct transmission mode and indirect transmission mode, were considered for monitoring the propagation of stress waves through concrete cube specimens. Standard concrete cube specimens measuring 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm were prepared and tested at curing ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. A function generator operating at a frequency of 10 kHz was used to excite the actuator sensor, while the received signal was processed through an electronic signal-conditioning circuit consisting of an LM324 operational amplifier and supporting components. The amplitude response obtained from the sensors was transmitted using a NodeMCU ESP8266 module and visualized through the ThingSpeak cloud platform. The compressive strength of the concrete specimens was determined using a Compression Testing Machine (CTM) following completion of the monitoring process. The experimental observations indicated that the amplitude values increased with the gain in concrete strength for both transmission modes. Correlation analysis showed a strong relationship between amplitude response and compressive strength, demonstrating the suitability of the developed IoT-enabled piezoelectric monitoring system for non-destructive concrete strength evaluation.
Abstract: Concrete strength monitoring plays an important role in ensuring the safety and performance of civil engineering structures. Conventional methods used for determining compressive strength are generally destructive in nature and do not allow continuous monitoring of concrete behavior during the curing period. In the present study, an Internet of Thi...
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Research Article
Capacity Based Design Review of Tall Buildings Under Extreme Multidirectional Dynamic Loading Considering Nonlinear Soil Structure Interaction and Foundation Effects
Moukam Dzogang Michel-Norbert,
Zoa Ambassa*,
Djopkop Kouanang Landry,
Nzengwa Robert
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
226-244
Received:
24 May 2026
Accepted:
8 June 2026
Published:
22 July 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajce.20261404.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: High-rise buildings increasingly rest on soft and compressible clayey-sandy soils, where soil–structure interaction (SSI) significantly affects dynamic behavior, seismic safety, serviceability, and collapse resistance. Traditional fixed-base approaches neglect the flexibility of soil and foundation systems, leading to inaccurate predictions of natural periods, damping ratios, internal forces, overturning moments, torsional response, and second-order effects. This review aims to synthesize and evaluate more than seventy-three major scientific contributions spanning geotechnical earthquake engineering, structural dynamics, and foundation engineering, with particular focus on the implications of SSI for safe capacity-based design of tall buildings subjected to multidirectional extreme loading. The review covers analytical formulations, finite-element approaches, centrifuge testing, nonlinear time-history analyses, and performance-based design methods. Special attention is devoted to shallow foundations, raft foundations, pile foundations, and hybrid pile-raft systems, with systematic comparison of their effects on vertical stiffness, horizontal stiffness, torsional stiffness, and rocking stiffness. Comparative results from major international researchers are tabulated and discussed. The results consistently demonstrate that soil compressibility amplifies displacement demand, extends structural periods, and intensifies rocking and torsional effects, particularly for slender towers. Among all foundation systems examined, pile–raft foundations provide the most balanced performance in terms of stiffness, settlement control, and energy dissipation. Engineering recommendations are proposed for safe capacity-based design of tall buildings subjected to seismic, wind-induced, blast, and machine-generated multidirectional vibrations.
Abstract: High-rise buildings increasingly rest on soft and compressible clayey-sandy soils, where soil–structure interaction (SSI) significantly affects dynamic behavior, seismic safety, serviceability, and collapse resistance. Traditional fixed-base approaches neglect the flexibility of soil and foundation systems, leading to inaccurate predictions of natu...
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