Research Article
Hydrochemical and Bacteriological Characterization of Drinking Water in N'Djamena: A Case Study of the 2nd District
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, April 2025
Pages:
35-44
Received:
6 February 2025
Accepted:
7 March 2025
Published:
21 March 2025
Abstract: Access to drinking water is a major concern in the locality of least developing countries. Population growth and the demands of modern life require an increase in water production in both quantity and quality. This study aims to determine the physicochemical and microbiological quality of water from boreholes intended for human consumption in the 2nd district of N'Djamena, Chad. The methods used to solve the problem are based on physicochemical and microbiological analyses, the Piper diagram interpretation, and multivariate statistical analysis to determine the quality and classification of the water. The results show that the water has low mineralization with a Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) concentration of 141.2 ± 26.61 mg/L and an average electrical conductivity of 282.4 ± 53.58 µS/cm. And then, determination of the facies of the waters studied shows that they are of the calcium-magnesium bicarbonate type. The highest concentrations are those of Ca2+ (38.3 ± 7.79 mg/L) and HCO3- (189.76 ± 17.36 mg/L), and the lowest are K+ (3.06 ± 0.63 mg/L) and NO3- (5.76 ±9.43 mg/L). The water contains fecal coliforms such as Escherichia coli, total coliforms, and Total Aerobic Mesophilic Flora. Due to the presence of these pathogenic germs, this water requires prior treatment before being used for human consumption.
Abstract: Access to drinking water is a major concern in the locality of least developing countries. Population growth and the demands of modern life require an increase in water production in both quantity and quality. This study aims to determine the physicochemical and microbiological quality of water from boreholes intended for human consumption in the 2...
Show More
Research Article
Comparison of Three Different Approaches Used for the Determination of Wheat Evapotranspiration in Middle Awash, Werer, Ethiopia
Jemal Mohammed Hassen*
,
Fikadu Robi Borana
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, April 2025
Pages:
45-51
Received:
27 February 2025
Accepted:
10 March 2025
Published:
31 March 2025
Abstract: In the Middle Awash area of Werer, Ethiopia, where efficient water management is paramount for sustainable agriculture, this study critically evaluates three distinct methods AquaCrop, WaPOR, and PySEBAL to estimate evapotranspiration in the context of wheat cultivation. The evaluation includes selected dates, monthly, and the entire growing period of the wheat crop. Comparative analyzes reveal variations in the estimated evapotranspiration values among the three models. Computed results indicate average seasonal actual evapotranspiration (AET) values of 516.12 mm, 537.77 mm and 568.2 mm for pySEBAL, WaPOR, and AquaCrop, respectively. Despite differences in absolute values, all three models produce comparable estimates of water use at both monthly and seasonal time steps. This consistency underscores their reliability in assessing wheat water consumption on varying temporal scales. These findings have significant implications for precision water management and sustainable agricultural practices in the Middle Awash region. The study emphasizes the potential applicability and precision of the assessed models, providing valuable information for field-scale water management strategies. The observed comparability of results improves confidence in the utility of these diverse modeling approaches, strengthening their role in informing water-efficient agricultural practices. Although AquaCrop and SEBAL have demonstrated reliability in estimating evapotranspiration, timely and easily accessible information from WaPOR enhances its practical applicability and underscores its relevance for precision water management and sustainable agricultural practices.
Abstract: In the Middle Awash area of Werer, Ethiopia, where efficient water management is paramount for sustainable agriculture, this study critically evaluates three distinct methods AquaCrop, WaPOR, and PySEBAL to estimate evapotranspiration in the context of wheat cultivation. The evaluation includes selected dates, monthly, and the entire growing period...
Show More
Research Article
First Violation Without Penalty in Maritime Sector
Zhang Yang*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, April 2025
Pages:
52-59
Received:
3 December 2024
Accepted:
13 December 2024
Published:
17 April 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.wros.20251402.13
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This paper focuses on the "first violation without penalty" scheme in the maritime field. In view of the issues such as ambiguous definition, unclear implementation standards, and relatively insufficient supporting measures that emerged during its implementation, in order to fully realize its value and function in the maritime sector and ensure the implementation effect, first of all, it precisely defines the characteristics of "first violation without penalty" illegal acts. These acts require fault, must be formally legal, and are of an extremely minor nature, meanwhile the scope is narrowed by excluding serious illegal types, e.g., illegal acts involving heavier liabilities like personal liberty penalties and qualification penalties, illegal acts that should be concurrently punished with multiple administrative penalties, intentionally committed illegal acts with relatively large subjective malignance, and illegal acts that remain uncorrected after being ordered to correct. Secondly, it elaborates in detail on the implementation standards of the maritime "first violation without penalty" scheme, which includes establishing a unified list and making dynamic adjustments, clarifying the starting date of calculation, time limit, and scope of judgment objects of "first", as well as the application of the simplified procedure. It also proposes supporting measures such as establishing and utilizing working schemes like maritime credit rating evaluation and key tracking of ships, establishing an applicable judgment module in the maritime violation-handling system, improving the internal performance appraisal of the maritime administrative authority, strengthening the trace-keeping scheme, and intensifying law enforcement supervision and establishing standard guidance cases. In future practices, continuous attention should be paid to the operating effect of this scheme, and feasible suggestions on how to optimize and adjust it have been put forward.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the "first violation without penalty" scheme in the maritime field. In view of the issues such as ambiguous definition, unclear implementation standards, and relatively insufficient supporting measures that emerged during its implementation, in order to fully realize its value and function in the maritime sector and ensure the...
Show More
