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Production of Biodiesel and its Physiochemical Properties Produced from Ricinus communis Seeds by Trans-Esterification Process
Iwuozor Kingsley Ogemdi,
Ayofe Isreal Ibraheem
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
24-30
Received:
17 October 2018
Accepted:
30 October 2018
Published:
27 November 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.jb.20180202.11
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Abstract: In the wake of rising prices and unstable supply besides environmental issues, renewed attention has been paid to shifting away from the use of petroleum based fuels. The world’s energy demand is commencing its dependency on alternative fuels. Such alternative fuels in use today consist of bio-alcohols (such as ethanol), biomass, and natural oil/fat-derived fuels. In search for new energy sources, much attention is focused on biodiesel as a reliable and renewable resource that is to satisfy a significant part of the energy demands. The oil extracted from the dried seeds of Ricinus communis was used in the production of biodiesel under the condition of 3:1 methanol/oil molar ratio for 1hour at 65°C. The biodiesel produced was subjected to physiochemical analysis. The methyl esters produced were found to meet the ASTM standards for biodiesel. The results obtained from analysis of biodiesel from Ricinus communis include free fatty acid: 0.312%; acid value: 0.628mgKOH/g; specific gravity: 0.8937; kinematic velocity: 7.435Cst; refractive index: 1.6254; flash point: 155°C; fire point: 132°C; water content: 3.24%. Thus, the values obtained met with the ASTM standard making the sample a promising potential for biodiesel production. From the result of this work, the oil extracted from the Ricinus communis seed is a potential feedstock for the production of quality biodiesel since almost all the fuel characteristics met the ASTM standards for biodiesel.
Abstract: In the wake of rising prices and unstable supply besides environmental issues, renewed attention has been paid to shifting away from the use of petroleum based fuels. The world’s energy demand is commencing its dependency on alternative fuels. Such alternative fuels in use today consist of bio-alcohols (such as ethanol), biomass, and natural oil/fa...
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Adsorption of Malachite Green Dye Using Orange Peel
Abdussalam Zhul-quarnain,
Iwuozor Kingsley Ogemdi,
Ilesanmi Modupe,
Emuobosa Gold,
Ekpunobi Emmanuel Chidubem
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
31-40
Received:
17 October 2018
Accepted:
2 November 2018
Published:
27 November 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.jb.20180202.12
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Abstract: High level of dyes production and their widespread use in many applications generate colours wastewaters which cause severe water pollution. The pollutant contributes to high suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demands (COD), biochemical oxygen demands (BOD), heat, colour, acidity, basicity and other soluble substances. The presence of these dyes in aquatic systems poses heavy risks to human health. Therefore, removal of such dyes from water bodies may be considered an interesting and important research activity. This study shows that orange peel can be used as a suitable adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dyes from solutions. This is a work on the removal of Malachite green dye from their solution with the use of orange peel. The orange peelis sourced locally. Proximate analysis done on the adsorbent revealed that the orange peels had 13.25% Moisture content, 5.68% Ash content and 4.7% Carbon content. FTIR technique was also used to identify the functional groups and organic compounds inherent in the orange peels. The adsorption isotherm models used were Henry, Langmuir I, Langmuir II, Langmuir III, Langmuir IV, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich. The result from the models shows that Henry isotherm model fits better for the adsorption of the dye with Orange peels. Results obtained showed that adsorption followed second order kinetics. Thermodynamic data for enthalpy (ΔH) for the adsorption of the dye shows that adsorption was endothermic. The entropy result indicates that there is an increase in randomness at the solid liquid interface. Free energy change shows that adsorption for the dye at temperatures of 298, 323, 343 and 373 were spontaneous and feasible.
Abstract: High level of dyes production and their widespread use in many applications generate colours wastewaters which cause severe water pollution. The pollutant contributes to high suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demands (COD), biochemical oxygen demands (BOD), heat, colour, acidity, basicity and other soluble substances. The presence of these dye...
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Determination of Heavy Metals in Soil Samples Along the Shores of River Kaduna, Nigeria
Oladoja Silifat Titilayo,
Nwaedozie Jonathan Maduka,
Aliyu Adetutu Oluwakemi
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
41-45
Received:
21 October 2018
Accepted:
1 November 2018
Published:
27 November 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.jb.20180202.13
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Abstract: Soil samples were collected during dry and wet seasons from 19 sites along the shores of river Kaduna stretching from Kawo in the North to Kudende, an industrial area in the South. The soil samples were analysed for the concentration of seven heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Pb, Cd and Mn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results show that dry season soil contains high level of Fe and Cd with mean values of 718.37±0.01 and 17.59±0.4 mg/kg respectively while wet season soil contains high level of Fe, Cd and Pb with mean values 737.84±0.01, 18.26±0.08 and 410.66±0.09 mg/kg respectively. However, Pb was not detected in the soil samples during the dry season. The mean values obtained from the heavy metals analysed were compared with WHO and EU standard limits and the result shows that the values obtained were above the acceptable range except for Cu values. This study concludes that soil samples along the shores of river Kaduna are polluted and not suitable for agricultural uses. This is attributed to different anthropogenic inputs such as industrial, agricultural, sewage effluent, burning of oil and tyres, plastics, wrapping, dyes, effluent from food, beverage and textile factories that discharges their effluent directly into river Kaduna.
Abstract: Soil samples were collected during dry and wet seasons from 19 sites along the shores of river Kaduna stretching from Kawo in the North to Kudende, an industrial area in the South. The soil samples were analysed for the concentration of seven heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Pb, Cd and Mn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results show th...
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Heavy Metal Pollutants in Fresh Water
Mohamed Youssef,
Ebtesam Mohamed Mors,
Samia Mohamed Soliman,
Abdel-Raheim El-Sayed Abdel-Latief
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
46-50
Received:
16 October 2018
Accepted:
5 November 2018
Published:
4 December 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.jb.20180202.14
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Abstract: Water quality is one of the most important concerns. This study focused on screening of the most dangerous heavy metals(cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and nickel)in fresh water sources (surface and groundwater) of study area, Sohag governorate, Egypt. Ninety samples were collected from 15 sites along the study area extending from Tima to Dar-Elsalam cities; 12 wells and 3 Nile river local sites, 6 samples for each site, three during winter and three during summer. Results indicated that, total dissolved solids (TDS) and electric conductivity(EC) parameters in all samples increased significantly in summer than winter. While pH increased in winter than summer. All tested physical parameters of samples were within the safe limit of drinking water as prescribed by WHO, except pH in samples S1 and S3. The concentration of metals in the study area showed that all tested samples were free from Cr during winter or summer season. Also, Cu was not recorded in winter but appeared during summer season within permissible limit. Nickel (Ni) was recorded in all tested samples within permissible limit. On the other hand, Cd and Pb were recorded over than permissible limit in some samples. This study may represent dangerous alarm for the potential threats to the fresh water resources in study area.
Abstract: Water quality is one of the most important concerns. This study focused on screening of the most dangerous heavy metals(cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and nickel)in fresh water sources (surface and groundwater) of study area, Sohag governorate, Egypt. Ninety samples were collected from 15 sites along the study area extending from Tima to Dar-Elsal...
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Isolation, Identification and Characterization of a Lipase Producing Pseudomonas
Saadatullah,
Ijaz Malook,
Mehmood Jan,
Waheedullah,
Noor Muhammmad,
Zia ur Rehman
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
51-57
Received:
20 October 2018
Accepted:
9 November 2018
Published:
17 December 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.jb.20180202.15
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Abstract: Lipases are hydrolytic enzymes and catalyze the hydrolysis of long-chain triacylglycerols into glycerol and fatty acid. Lipases are produced by plants, animals and microorganisms including bacteria and fungi. However microbial lipases, especially from bacteria, are more useful than their plant and animal derivatives because of several important properties. The primary goals of this research work is to isolate and identify a lipase producing Pseudomonas species from waste water samples collected from Dir lower, Peshawar and Kohat Khyber pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The isolated bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas biochemically. The other purposes of this study are production, partial purification, characterization of lipase activity at different pH and incubation time, production and determination of molecular weight analysis. The lipase was partially purified up to 30% saturation using ammonium sulphate precipitation. Purity of lipases was cheeked by SDS-PAGE, showing the same banding pattern of all the lipases and the molecular weight were determined approximately 50kDA by comparing with protein marker bands. Spectrophotometric lipase assay was used for enzyme characterization. All the 7 isolates shows maximum activity at pH 7 after 48 hours of incubation and 37°C. Among all the isolates, isolate HSWPC shows highest activity of 110.11U /ml at pH 7 after 48 hours of incubation and 37°C. Pseudomonas lipases are widely used in food industry, detergent, paper, textile, leather and pharmaceutical industries because of their stability, selectivity and broad substrate specificity.
Abstract: Lipases are hydrolytic enzymes and catalyze the hydrolysis of long-chain triacylglycerols into glycerol and fatty acid. Lipases are produced by plants, animals and microorganisms including bacteria and fungi. However microbial lipases, especially from bacteria, are more useful than their plant and animal derivatives because of several important pro...
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Survey and Identification of Major Sesame Diseases in Low Land Areas of Western Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia
Yirga Belay Kindeya,
Weres Negash Golla,
Asefa Abadi Kebede,
Fiseha Baraki Sibhatu
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
58-64
Received:
19 October 2018
Accepted:
3 December 2018
Published:
25 December 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.jb.20180202.16
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Abstract: The survey was conducted at ten specific location major sesame growing representative low land areas of western zone of Tigray. The study was conducted in consecutive three years (2015, 2016, and 2017) at different locations. The objectives of the study were (1) to assess and identify major sesame diseases and (2) to study the prevalence, incidence and severity of different sesame diseases. Bacterial blight (83.24%) recorded the highest diseases incidence followed by powdery mildew (78.13%), fusarium wilt (78%), phyllody (72.01%) and blight leaf spot (72%). Whereas blight leaf spot recorded highest severity (31.33%), followed by fusarium wilt (27.2%), phyllody (25.24%), bacterial blight (22.76%) and powdery mildew (22.6%). Maygaba and division locations recorded the highest diseases incidence (90.49%) and (86.76%) respectively while Lugudi recorded the lowest diseases incidence (48.055). Bacterial blight recorded 100% diseases severity in all locations followed by blight leaf spot in Doka- abagabyo (92%) and phyllody (81%,) in Adi-usmanand fusarium wilt (61. 41%) in Adi usman. From the study recommended that appropriate control methods should be identified and recommended to prevent sesame yield loss and increases productivity. Field diseases assessment and inspection; diseases control should be from emergence to capsule formation and maturity.
Abstract: The survey was conducted at ten specific location major sesame growing representative low land areas of western zone of Tigray. The study was conducted in consecutive three years (2015, 2016, and 2017) at different locations. The objectives of the study were (1) to assess and identify major sesame diseases and (2) to study the prevalence, incidence...
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Quality Assessment of Water Melon (Citruluslanatus) Wine Produced Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Isolated from Palm Wine
Aminu Zainab,
Yabaya Amos,
Mohammed Sani Sambo Datsugwai,
Bobai Mathew
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
65-73
Received:
21 October 2018
Accepted:
28 November 2018
Published:
15 January 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.jb.20180202.17
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Abstract: This study was aimed at investigating the suitability of water melon juice as substrate for wine production and the efficiency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine for alcoholic fermentation of the juice. The yeast was isolated using pour plate technique and was identified using sugar utilization test, screened for ethanol tolerance test and was finally identified using API 20C AUX kit, as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast was purified and used to pitch water melon must using 0.5 McFarland standard and was allowed to undergo fermentation for three (3) days. Variations in temperature, pH, total titrable acidity, volatile acidity and total yeast count were determined at 6 hour intervals. The must and the produced wine were subjected to proximate and physico chemical analysis. The produced wine was subjected to microbial and sensory evaluation using seven point hedonic scales by 10 panelists. A total of 19 yeasts were isolated but only 5 isolates were suspected to have the same colony morphology as Saccharomyces cerevisiae after microscopy. The isolates assimilated mainly glucose, maltose and sucrose, but not fructose, lactose and mannitol. The ethanol tolerance was found to be between 2- 8% ethanol tolerant. The temperature ranged between 25- 30°C. The pH and volatile acidity decreased while total titrable acidity increased as the fermentation progressed. The total yeast count ranged between 1.9 - 8.2 × 107CFU/mL. Results of the proximate composition showed that there were significant difference (p< 0.05) in the moisture, crude protein, carbohydrate and total energy between the water melon must and wine, except for percentage ash and fat which showed no significant difference (p< 0.05). There was reduction in specific gravity from 1.075 to 1.020 and brix from 2.92200 to 0.54650 Brix and resultant increase in the alcohol concentration from 0 to 7.36%. Microbial analysis showed that there was no microbial contamination of the wine. Sensory evaluation on the wine showed that there was no significant difference (p< 0.05) in aroma, colour, clarity and general acceptability between the sweetened and unsweetened wine. However, there was significant difference (p > 0.05) for taste between the two wines. This study revealed that a tropically available fruit in Nigeria like water melon is suitable for fruit wine production with Saccharomyces cerevisiae from palm wine, with high acceptability and good microbiological standard.
Abstract: This study was aimed at investigating the suitability of water melon juice as substrate for wine production and the efficiency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine for alcoholic fermentation of the juice. The yeast was isolated using pour plate technique and was identified using sugar utilization test, screened for ethanol tolerance ...
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