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The Relationship between Ethical Leadership, Leadership Effectiveness and Organizational Performance: A Review of Literature in SMEs Context
Mitra Madanchian,
Norashikin Hussein,
Fauziah Noordin,
Hamed Taherdoost
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, November 2016
Pages:
17-21
Received:
6 September 2016
Accepted:
20 October 2016
Published:
21 November 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ebm.20160202.11
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Abstract: Nowadays, the purpose of any organizations is to survive and maintain its entity by improving their performance. Organizations must always increase their performance to be highly competitive in markets. Nowadays, ethical leadership and leadership effectiveness are two of the significant motivations for improving an organizational performance. Therefore, understanding the relationships between ethical leadership, leadership effectiveness and organizational performance is vital. For that reason, this article presents some significant literature review of ethical leadership, leadership effectiveness and organizational performance. Towards the end, the author discussed the relationship between those mentioned three variables.
Abstract: Nowadays, the purpose of any organizations is to survive and maintain its entity by improving their performance. Organizations must always increase their performance to be highly competitive in markets. Nowadays, ethical leadership and leadership effectiveness are two of the significant motivations for improving an organizational performance. There...
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Social Responsibility as a Driver of Breweries’ Corporate Reputation
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, November 2016
Pages:
22-31
Received:
29 September 2016
Accepted:
5 November 2016
Published:
5 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ebm.20160202.12
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Abstract: One of the most efficient instruments in the hands of management is a corporate social responsibility program carried out by companies. By exercising different social responsibility activities, the company is demonstrating to society that it is not just ‘a money making machine’ and that the company is fully aware of its responsibility for production, and its consequences on society on the whole as well as the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to find out the following: what is the evaluation of a beer brewer’s corporate reputation, the effect of financial results on the corporate reputation and why corporate reputation management should receive as much attention as other business risks. The goal of the research is to determine the corporate social responsibility experience of the biggest Latvian beer producing companies and the methods they use. The research uses quality research methods, case studies, it analyzes economic activity of companies and measures third parties’ corporate reputation and sustainability evaluations. The principal contribution of this paper is that it provides important insights into the development of efficient strategies to enhance corporate reputation through CSR.
Abstract: One of the most efficient instruments in the hands of management is a corporate social responsibility program carried out by companies. By exercising different social responsibility activities, the company is demonstrating to society that it is not just ‘a money making machine’ and that the company is fully aware of its responsibility for productio...
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An Analysis of the Factors that Have Reduced Tax Revenue Collectability in Zimbabwe Between 2009 and 2015
Bongani Ngwenya,
Thando Siziba
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, November 2016
Pages:
32-39
Received:
5 September 2016
Accepted:
20 October 2016
Published:
12 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ebm.20160202.13
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Abstract: Zimbabwe solely depends on revenue targets formulated by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development for the measurement of performance of the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority. The trend for this development is to rely on estimating the tax gap which is the difference between potential and actual collections. The study employed a quantitative research design and analysis of the major causes of reduction in tax revenue resulting especially from the envisaged high tax rates in Zimbabwe. A sample of 300 was targeted by the researchers from a population of 1700. This was stratified to 220 formally employed and 80 informally employed based on the ratio of 73% of gainfully employed in the formal sector. The findings of the study revel that the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority is not facing as much of a challenge when considering the overall effect of each of the four identified factors, that is, tax avoidance and evasion; corruption by employees of the revenue authority; inefficient and ineffective tax administration, and increased informal employment. However, regression analysis revealed that the most significant factor that weighs down tax revenue collectability is the continuous fall in the formal employment, as more workers lose their jobs and join the informal sector. The factor accounted for 25.7% of the total variance and the effect on revenue collectability was calculated at p-value =.001 which is less than 0.05. While individuals in the informal sector of the economy of Zimbabwe may actually be making more money than those formally employed there might be a lack of a system to allow for collection of taxes in the growing informal sector. The study recommends that the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority increases its efforts towards widening the tax base by designing a tax regime that will help the fiscus to tape into the informal sector`s economic activity in the country. This may be achieved through co-operation with financial sector institutions such as banks as they embark on an effort to deal with the challenge of financial exclusion in the economy. For example, as the banking sector considers offering financing packages to the informal sector, formalisation of the sector should be insisted as a condition for potential funding.
Abstract: Zimbabwe solely depends on revenue targets formulated by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development for the measurement of performance of the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority. The trend for this development is to rely on estimating the tax gap which is the difference between potential and actual collections. The study employed a quantitative resear...
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Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Nigeria
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, November 2016
Pages:
40-46
Received:
13 August 2016
Accepted:
19 November 2016
Published:
20 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ebm.20160202.14
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Abstract: There have been controversies regarding the effect of foreign direct investment on the growth of the host country’s economy. While some researchers suggest a positive effect, others found a negative effect. It is against this backdrop that this study examined the effect of foreign direct investment on economic growth in Nigeria. The study covered the period 1981 to 2015. The study used secondary data derived from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and publications of the National Bureau of Statistics. The study employed multiple regression technique and Gretl 1.9.8 econometric software was used for the analysis. The results showed that foreign direct investment has a positive and significant effect on gross domestic product. It was also found that exchange rate has a positive but not significant effect on gross domestic product. Thus, the study concluded that foreign direct investment has a positive effect on economic growth in Nigeria as opposed to the findings and belief of some researchers and other stakeholders that foreign direct investment has a negative effect on the growth of the economy. It was recommended that government should improve the state of infrastructures in the country in order to encourage meaningful investments in the economy. Also, the Central Bank of Nigeria should come-up with policies that will help to stabilize the Naira exchange rate vis-à-vis the major currencies of the world, like the United States Dollar. This will boost the investors’ confidence in the economy.
Abstract: There have been controversies regarding the effect of foreign direct investment on the growth of the host country’s economy. While some researchers suggest a positive effect, others found a negative effect. It is against this backdrop that this study examined the effect of foreign direct investment on economic growth in Nigeria. The study covered t...
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Key Relational Competencies and Business Performance: Evidences for Spanish Companies
Lidia García-Zambrano,
Arturo Rodríguez-Castellanos
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, November 2016
Pages:
47-53
Received:
11 September 2016
Accepted:
23 November 2016
Published:
27 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ebm.20160202.15
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Abstract: This paper seeks to test the existence of links between key relational competencies and business performance. With information from a survey conducted among business managers from Spain, and business performance data for 2009-2011 obtained from the Intertel database, non-parametric contrasts were performed in order to verify such links. The results show a positive link of the economic variables analysed with the key competencies linked to Relational Capital for Spain for 2009-2011 period, being only the differences in the growth in sales variable statistically significant. This relation shows the importance that key competencies linked to relational capital has to increase business results, during economic crisis period.
Abstract: This paper seeks to test the existence of links between key relational competencies and business performance. With information from a survey conducted among business managers from Spain, and business performance data for 2009-2011 obtained from the Intertel database, non-parametric contrasts were performed in order to verify such links. The results...
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Impact of Corporate Earnings on the Cost of Equity: An Empirical Study of Pakistani Textile Sector
Muhammad Ateeq ur Rehman,
Awais Raoof,
Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah,
Ramiz ur Rehman,
Sajjad Ahmed
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, November 2016
Pages:
54-59
Received:
31 August 2016
Accepted:
24 November 2016
Published:
30 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ebm.20160202.16
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Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between corporate earnings and cost of equity capital. Panel regression model is used to investigate the relation while Hausman test is applied to check the fixed and random effect. The study finds negative but weak relation between earnings and cost of equity capital. The study examines more intensity of fixed effect as compare to random effect.
Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between corporate earnings and cost of equity capital. Panel regression model is used to investigate the relation while Hausman test is applied to check the fixed and random effect. The study finds negative but weak relation between earnings and cost of equity capital. The study examines...
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Design and Implementation of Management System of Performance Related Pay Based on Cross-Efficiency Evaluation
Xiaoqing Zhang,
Meng Xu,
Zonghui Zhang,
Yimin Li,
Chi Zhou
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, November 2016
Pages:
60-65
Received:
29 October 2016
Accepted:
28 November 2016
Published:
5 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ebm.20160202.17
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Abstract: Modern enterprises lack a reasonable and effective compensation management, the traditional manual management model has been difficult to meet the modern enterprise’s gradually increasingly large salary management system. In order to achieve the rationalization of enterprise resource configuration, this paper adopts top-down approach to system design by optimizing business processes.Moreover, the system does a reasonable division for the modules of user management, personnel management, training management, payroll management, and comprehensive evaluation, where the comprehensive evaluation module can do a composite evaluation of employee performance level by employing the DEA cross-efficiency evaluation method; at the same time each module also provides a wealth function of report printing, facilitating the user's daily office use. Conceptual design from the design databasefinally providesspecific database tables through E-R diagram indicates. System optimizes the related pay, promotescommunication on the lower level, links the organizational goals, individual goals, and optimizes performance management.
Abstract: Modern enterprises lack a reasonable and effective compensation management, the traditional manual management model has been difficult to meet the modern enterprise’s gradually increasingly large salary management system. In order to achieve the rationalization of enterprise resource configuration, this paper adopts top-down approach to system desi...
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Configuration of Interactions in Leadership Practices
Linda Yun Dong,
Charles Liu,
Tony Peng-Hao Dong,
Raymond Pyan Shaw
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, November 2016
Pages:
66-72
Received:
31 October 2016
Accepted:
30 December 2016
Published:
20 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ebm.20160202.18
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Abstract: Recent trending always consider that astute leadership practice requires followership - they are Yin and Yen of successful leadership practice. However, a successful leadership practice can't isolated from leadership traits and behaviors, leadership personal factors such as identity construct, gender, narcissism level, aesthetic, ethic and justice level, as well as the influence of followership. In this paper, multiple aspects that contributed to the success of the leadership practice are studied. Some important concepts of Leadership is introduced. Components, including leader, follower, communication and situation and the interactions regarding leader are also analyzed. Related issues such as leadership modeling, trait and behavior, personal factors and influence of followership, are critically discussed along with conclusions and practical suggestions.
Abstract: Recent trending always consider that astute leadership practice requires followership - they are Yin and Yen of successful leadership practice. However, a successful leadership practice can't isolated from leadership traits and behaviors, leadership personal factors such as identity construct, gender, narcissism level, aesthetic, ethic and justice ...
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Decision-Making Analysis of Enterprises’ Adopting Innovation Technology
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, November 2016
Pages:
73-79
Received:
7 October 2016
Accepted:
29 October 2016
Published:
21 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ebm.20160202.19
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Abstract: After analyzing the uncertainty of technology innovation diffusion (TID), this paper proposes the model of enterprises’ TID based on geometric Brownian motion with jump, and analyzes the optional timing and influence of adopting innovation technology on TID by each parameter. The results show that enterprise should immediately adopts the technology when its market demand is greater than the optimal investment threshold of enterprise; changes of market environment is conducive to TID; increasing of market uncertainty and the expected rate of return will accelerate TID, and the increasing of market interest rate will inhibit TID.
Abstract: After analyzing the uncertainty of technology innovation diffusion (TID), this paper proposes the model of enterprises’ TID based on geometric Brownian motion with jump, and analyzes the optional timing and influence of adopting innovation technology on TID by each parameter. The results show that enterprise should immediately adopts the technology...
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A Proposed Cropping Pattern in the Light of Policies of Water Management in the Northwest Coast, Egypt
Rabee M. A. Belal,
Said A. F. Hawash
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, November 2016
Pages:
80-98
Received:
19 September 2016
Accepted:
24 November 2016
Published:
21 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ebm.20160202.20
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Abstract: Previous related studies confirmed that Egypt falls under the "water poverty" line or the "water scarcity limit" estimated at around 1000 m3 annually per capita of the renewal water resources and need the local needs in agriculture, industry, energy and the other necessary needs for the process of socio-economic development. Accordingly, "an increasing "water gap" arose, so the water allotment per capita shrank from 2500 m3 in 1950's down to 600 m3 and continue to shrink to reach around 250 m3 by 2050 under the constant water allocation for Egypt and the overpopulation and the increasing water needs, reusing the water and put the virtual water to use, [5]". The aim of research is to study the economic use for agricultural water resources in the Northwest Cost via reconsidering the cropping pattern combination of agricultural crops. Therefore, Methodology and data sources could be explained as that The research used the descriptive and quantitative economic analysis and some other statistical methods to identify the relationships that govern the main variables besides the quantitative measuring; the multi-purpose programing method was used to set alternatives to the typical cropping pattern with regard to maximizing the utilization of the available water resources for agriculture under the constraints and limitations of the available economic resources in the Northwest Coast. Finally, the research results estimating the net return of water unit for the first and second alternatives indicated a rise in the return of water unit in the proposed crop structure versus the current return of water unit in the crop structure, the second scenario was the best according to the return value of water unit in the proposed crop structure as the rise came to 20.9% than the current crop structure. It was indicated that the return rise achieved in this scenario came to 103 million LE with an increase of 15% than the net return in the current crop structure. Estimation results showed also that the highest average of water unit return was confined to Prickly Pear in the 3 alternatives followed by tomato and apricot, as for the third alternative, assessments indicated a rise in water requirements for the proposed pattern with 2268 million M3 with 299.2% than that its current counterpart resulting in a reduction in such requirements for other crops i.e. wheat, onion, garlic, winter tomato, winter eggplant, groundnut, summer watermelon, summer cantaloupe, date palm and prickly pear.
Abstract: Previous related studies confirmed that Egypt falls under the "water poverty" line or the "water scarcity limit" estimated at around 1000 m3 annually per capita of the renewal water resources and need the local needs in agriculture, industry, energy and the other necessary needs for the process of socio-economic development. Accordingly, "an increa...
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