Research Article
Application of Statistical Thermodynamics to Modelling Fluid Discharge Through a Circular Orifice System
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, February 2025
Pages:
1-11
Received:
29 November 2024
Accepted:
7 January 2025
Published:
24 January 2025
Abstract: This study presents the application of statistical thermodynamics in modeling orifice discharge function. Micro-based variables such as the velocity of fluid flow at the midpoint of the reservoir elevated to the mid-height of the orifice and the head loss due to sudden expansion that was neglected in the classical discharge model were considered in the modeling operation. Bernoulli’s equation was used to determine the velocity model at the exit point of the orifice. Some classical thermodynamic models were used to compute certain parameters like: the flow pressure of fluid (water) (Pf), pressure drop (Pd), exit temperature, polytropic work (W), heat absorption/rejection (Q), and flow energy (E). The grand canonical ensemble which applies to open systems was used to establish a relationship between the flow discharge and energy variables according to the micro-based behavior of fluid flow through the orifice that generates the observable macro-flow behavior of a fluid. The discharge values obtained using the experimental (Qe), classical (Q(c,)) and statistically derived orifice discharge (Qs) models were compared and accessed statistically using the indices of: mean bias error (MBE), mean percentage error (MPE), root mean square error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe equation (NSE), and coefficient of correlation (R). The results of the study showed that the new model that was derived using a statistical thermodynamics approach outperformed the classical orifice model as its MBE value of 5.032E-05, MPE of 5.62, RMSE of 5.24E-05, NSE of 0.873 and R of 0.999 were all better than that of the classical model having an MBE value of -1.0042E-04, MPE of -11.30 (underestimation), RMSE of 5.814E-05, and R of 0.999. In addition, the values of Pf, T2, W, Q, and E increased as the flow head increased. The polytropic work, W was negative, indicating that the system did some work. The positive values of Q and E showed that the system absorbed energy from its environment during the fluid flow operation. Furthermore, all the orifice discharge functions (Qs, Q(c) and Qe) had a direct linear relationship with flow energy, E which therefore satisfied the grand canonical ensemble model for the open system’s thermodynamic micro-variable description. Hence, the new orifice discharge model is recommended for the industry's volumetric flow rate measurement of Newtonian fluids.
Abstract: This study presents the application of statistical thermodynamics in modeling orifice discharge function. Micro-based variables such as the velocity of fluid flow at the midpoint of the reservoir elevated to the mid-height of the orifice and the head loss due to sudden expansion that was neglected in the classical discharge model were considered in...
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Research Article
Optimizing Hot Plate Welding Parameters for Enhanced Welding Strength in Plastic Cylinders
Peyman Hashemi*,
Amin Ghalenoei,
Keivan Amidpour
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, February 2025
Pages:
12-28
Received:
17 September 2024
Accepted:
24 December 2024
Published:
6 February 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajmie.20251001.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Hot plate welding is a critical technique in the production of plastic parts, where precise control of welding parameters directly affects the quality and cost-effectiveness of the final product. In this study, we explore the theory of plastic welding, providing a detailed explanation of the process and the specific procedures employed in our production line, along with the equipment used. To identify the most influential factors on weld strength, three key parameters, melting time, melting temperature of the tube, and melting temperature of the plate were selected for analysis. A dedicated test method was designed, and optimization was performed using the One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) approach and Minitab software. The results indicate that higher melting temperatures and prolonged melting times, within an appropriate range, enhance polymer chain diffusion, leading to increased weld strength in cylindrical plastic vessels. By integrating theoretical insights with experimental findings, this study provides optimized welding parameters that significantly improve the welding quality. The outcomes offer valuable guidance for achieving superior weld strength while maintaining production efficiency in plastic manufacturing processes.
Abstract: Hot plate welding is a critical technique in the production of plastic parts, where precise control of welding parameters directly affects the quality and cost-effectiveness of the final product. In this study, we explore the theory of plastic welding, providing a detailed explanation of the process and the specific procedures employed in our produ...
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Review Article
Key Factors Affecting the Quality of Milling Recovery in Rice Processing
Melese Ageze Mihretu*
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, February 2025
Pages:
29-39
Received:
1 January 2025
Accepted:
17 January 2025
Published:
11 February 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajmie.20251001.13
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Rice is the kernel of the grass ‘Oryza sativa’ L. Over 50 percent of the global population relies on this cereal grain as a staple food. This review aims to investigate and understand various rice processing techniques and machines, the causes of rice milling loss, and the remedies proposed by scholars. Rice processing refers to the extraction of edible grains from rice paddy. De-husking, de-hulling, and shelling are terms used to describe the removal of the husk, the outermost layer of the rice grain. This is typically accomplished using a de-husking machine, such as the Engelberg model (which uses a metal roller) or the SB type (which uses a rubber roller and a compacted rice mill). The next step is milling rice, which involves the removal of the bran, the innermost layer of the grain. This process is also known as polishing. In modern rice processing plants, polishing refers to shaping or smoothing the milled rice's surface. Rice grain-producing countries often experience high post-harvest processing losses due to poor physical qualities of rice varieties, inefficiencies in processing technologies, and equipment malfunctions. The percentage of postharvest loss is particularly high in developing countries where traditional and outdated processing methods are commonly used. As a result, rice processing requires careful attention and should be carried out by trained professionals. Therefore, this paper discusses the methods of rice processing and the factors that affect the quality of processed rice.
Abstract: Rice is the kernel of the grass ‘Oryza sativa’ L. Over 50 percent of the global population relies on this cereal grain as a staple food. This review aims to investigate and understand various rice processing techniques and machines, the causes of rice milling loss, and the remedies proposed by scholars. Rice processing refers to the extraction of e...
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