Research Article
Cameroon and Germany: A Hundred Years of Breakdown and Continuity 1916-2016 “Kamerun Territoriality: Disruption or Breakdown and Continuity”
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, June 2025
Pages:
1-6
Received:
26 November 2024
Accepted:
11 December 2024
Published:
7 January 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20251301.11
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Abstract: German Kamerun broke down and ceased to exist in 1916 after its new acquisitions were seized by the French and the initial territory partitioned into two new unique territories of British Cameroon and French Cameroun. The British soon decided to divide their small and narrow territory into separate administrative units of Southern Cameroons and Northern Cameroons. From 1916 to 1961, both the British and French territories separately bore in its territory a little semblance of Old Kamerun and in connection with Germany. In 1960, French Cameroun gained independence from France. But the British Southern Cameroons that also had a functional government was denied outright independence and compelled to unite with the other in 1961 in a clumsy effort to reunite former Kamerun. The British Northern Cameroons that did not have a single administration integrated permanently with Nigeria. The new united Cameroon Federation began to relate with Germany no longer as separate countries but as one country, although without those factors like language and culture that had brought the defunct Kamerun and Germany closer together. Yet the written name of the territories in different languages continued to sound the same. In addition, some vestiges of the old German past were still inheritances of modern Cameroon as well as some functional remnants of the Old Kamerun frontiers. Thus from 1916 to 2016 the separate territories and, later the united Cameroon continued to maintain a continual relationship with Germany and the Germans.
Abstract: German Kamerun broke down and ceased to exist in 1916 after its new acquisitions were seized by the French and the initial territory partitioned into two new unique territories of British Cameroon and French Cameroun. The British soon decided to divide their small and narrow territory into separate administrative units of Southern Cameroons and Nor...
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Research Article
What Prabhu Ram Has Left for Us in the Earth: Essential Lessons
Ram Krishna Mandal*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, June 2025
Pages:
7-11
Received:
11 October 2024
Accepted:
9 November 2024
Published:
17 January 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20251301.12
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Abstract: The two epics that form the basis of the Bharatiya Scriptures are the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. These epics contain a wealth of knowledge. Both inside and outside of India, the Ramayana has had an indescribable and enduring influence on people's social and familial lives, cultures, and literary works. Objective: The study's goal is to investigate the crucial life lessons that the Ramayana teaches us. Method and Materials: The data is collected from secondary sources of ancient Indian knowledge, such as articles, websites, online journals, and books like the Ramayan that have been published over time. Result and Discussion: There are many moral precepts and life lessons in "The Ramayana." The same relationship between several characters with various relationship dynamics was depicted in the Ramayana. Rama — Laxmana, Ravana — Bhibhishan, Rama — Bharata, Vali — Shugriv had very different brotherly relationships. No amount of suffering or sorrow can ever touch us if we begin to find contentment within ourselves. Findings: A genuine love and devotion for the Lord will direct us along the correct path in life. One of the most well-known and cherished lessons from the Ramayana is that Good always prevails over Evil, regardless of how powerful Evil may appear to be. Conclusion: The ageless epic Ramayana offers a profound examination of human values and the idea of Dharma. It still has relevance in the modern world and acts as a moral compass, pointing people in the direction of righteousness.
Abstract: The two epics that form the basis of the Bharatiya Scriptures are the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. These epics contain a wealth of knowledge. Both inside and outside of India, the Ramayana has had an indescribable and enduring influence on people's social and familial lives, cultures, and literary works. Objective: The study's goal is to investiga...
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Research Article
Saraswati in Brahmin and Non-Brahmin Tradition: A Discussion
Pragya Chaturvedi*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, June 2025
Pages:
12-14
Received:
21 December 2024
Accepted:
14 January 2025
Published:
17 February 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20251301.13
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Abstract: Goddess Saraswati is the patroness of art, culture and the fruits of the intellect. In Vedic hymns her name means “lady of the water” or “Flowing one”. The goddess originally derived her name from the river Saraswati. It has been conjectured that the river was attributed with powers of inspiration because many Vedic hymns were composed on its utterance. The Rigveda praises her intellectually refining presence. In puranic mythology she was associated with male deities such as Brahma and Vishnu, but she resumed autonomous status in puranic theologies and came to be worshipped independently. Saraswati became the goddess of learning, giver of wisdom to the newborn, bestower of poetic skill and granter of knowledge and wisdom. Saraswati is also known as the originator of the musical art. The objective of this paper is to show that the river Saraswati gradually in the form of goddess has been associated with intellect and artistic pursuits who pours forth the nectar of knowledge and artistic inspiration, nourishing the mind and spirit of the people. Various Saraswati images found from different parts of India indicate that the river Saraswati has been recognized in both brahmin and non-brahmin traditions overtime as the goddess of wisdom and goddess of music and art respectively.
Abstract: Goddess Saraswati is the patroness of art, culture and the fruits of the intellect. In Vedic hymns her name means “lady of the water” or “Flowing one”. The goddess originally derived her name from the river Saraswati. It has been conjectured that the river was attributed with powers of inspiration because many Vedic hymns were composed on its utter...
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