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Research Article
Colonial Labour Migrations Among the Nyakyusa: Causes and Impacts (1920 - 1960)
Noah Constantine Sweve*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, December 2025
Pages:
56-66
Received:
28 April 2025
Accepted:
25 June 2025
Published:
16 July 2025
Abstract: Labour migration is an integral part of Tanzania’s history. This theme has been widely studied by various scholars in Tanzania. However, most of these studies have not focused mainly on the Nyakyusa despite the fact that this ethnic group, which is found mainly in the Mbeya Region, was largely involved in colonial labour migration. This study, therefore, has made an attempt to show that Nyakyusa labour migration began during the colonial period, where the subsistence economy of the Nyakyusa had become weakened due to the effects of the First World War. This caused the Nyakyusa not feed themselves sufficiently as they had done many years before. In the second decade of the twentieth century, the Nyakyusa began internal labour migration in colonial Tanganyika. For example, they moved to work in the gold fields of Chunya District. By 1930s, the Nyakyusa became used to external labour migration, too. They moved to work in the mines out of colonial Tanganyika. They worked in the copper and gold mines in Zambia and South Africa, respectively. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the causes and impacts of Nyakyusa labour migration during the colonial period. Evidence for this study came from various sources, namely, archival sources accessed at the Tanzania National Archives and oral recollections gathered from various informants in Rungwe District. The study also benefited from newspapers accessed at the East Africana Section of the University of Dar es Salaam Library, where they are intensively and extensively archived. Archival sources and oral accounts were supplemented by secondary sources, particularly books and journal articles. The study has demonstrated that the Nyakyusa labour migration was not caused by a single factor, but by multifaceted factors ranging from economic to social factors. The study has, in the final analysis, indicated that colonial labour migration had both positive and negative impacts on the livelihoods of the Nyakyusa communities.
Abstract: Labour migration is an integral part of Tanzania’s history. This theme has been widely studied by various scholars in Tanzania. However, most of these studies have not focused mainly on the Nyakyusa despite the fact that this ethnic group, which is found mainly in the Mbeya Region, was largely involved in colonial labour migration. This study, ther...
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Research Article
The Humanitarian Activity of American "Near East Relief" Organisation Among Western Armenian Refugees in 1915-1922
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, December 2025
Pages:
67-73
Received:
31 January 2025
Accepted:
14 July 2025
Published:
5 August 2025
Abstract: At the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of Western Armenians were subjected to genocidal policies carried out by the Ottoman Empire. These policies resulted in significant human losses and widespread deportations. Thousands of Western Armenians, particularly women and children, lost their families and support networks, leaving them orphaned and displaced. The Armenian diaspora required a coordinated programme of humanitarian and social assistance, which began to be implemented not only by Armenian charitable organisations and individual benefactors, but also with the involvement of various international institutions and missionary groups. In this context, the 'Near East Relief' organisation played a particularly significant role through its large-scale, systematic activities, making substantial contributions to the social protection, education and healthcare of displaced populations. The Near East Relief organisation's legacy significantly impacted the socio-economic development of the region, improving local economies and promoting educational advancement. Its programmes aimed to provide humanitarian aid and ensure long-term social stability in the area. During its fifteen years of operation, the organisation demonstrated a high level of humanitarianism and responsibility, contributing to the region's comprehensive development. Over its fifteen years of activity, Near East Relief grew into a major organisation that invested more than $116 million in saving Armenian refugees and 132,000 orphans. This powerful humanitarian institution spared no effort or resources during and after the Armenian Genocide, providing refugees with food, clothing and shelter. Combined with the humanitarian support of the American government and people, the efforts and resources of Near East Relief made it possible to save hundreds of thousands of Armenians and other people in need in the Near East from imminent destruction. Near East Relief's advocacy and practical measures made a significant contribution to protecting and supporting tens of thousands of refugees and orphans resulting from the Armenian Genocide, further strengthening the organisation's importance in the region. The study combines historical-comparative and analytical methods to achieve the goals and objectives set by the authors.
Abstract: At the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of Western Armenians were subjected to genocidal policies carried out by the Ottoman Empire. These policies resulted in significant human losses and widespread deportations. Thousands of Western Armenians, particularly women and children, lost their families and support networks, leaving them orpha...
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Research Article
Overview Related Research About the Muslim Floating Population and Cultural Forms in China
Alimtohte Shiho*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, December 2025
Pages:
74-79
Received:
5 June 2025
Accepted:
20 June 2025
Published:
12 August 2025
Abstract: Since the 1980s, the influx of Uyghur Floating workers into mainland cities has steadily increased, with the majority originating from impoverished regions in Xinjiang. However, Uyghur Muslims face unique challenges compared to other Floating workers due to differences in language, religious beliefs, customs, values, and behavior. These disparities often result in significant difficulties during their transition to urban environments, accompanied by heightened psychological barriers and a pervasive sense of loneliness. In the academic world, a significant number of monographs and academic papers have examined urban Floating populations, addressing topics such as the characteristics of Floating workers, group dynamics, social security, mobility impacts, crime, and policy solutions. However, research focusing on another Floating populations, particularly the Uyghur Muslim Floating community, remains limited. Systematic studies exploring the survival and adaptation processes of Uyghur Floating in urban areas from sociological, ethnological, and anthropological perspectives are particularly scarce. This article mainly reviews and discusses the research on Uyghur Floating population from the perspective of academic history, and puts forward some viewpoints.
Abstract: Since the 1980s, the influx of Uyghur Floating workers into mainland cities has steadily increased, with the majority originating from impoverished regions in Xinjiang. However, Uyghur Muslims face unique challenges compared to other Floating workers due to differences in language, religious beliefs, customs, values, and behavior. These disparities...
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Research Article
The Manila Galleon and the Trade Monopoly of the Philippine Islands
Yang Yang*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, December 2025
Pages:
80-88
Received:
15 July 2025
Accepted:
25 July 2025
Published:
13 August 2025
Abstract: Spain opened the world's first global trade route through China, the Philippines, Mexico and Seville. This route became the lifeline and supply line for the Spanish royal family to maintain its colonial rule in the Philippine Islands for more than 330 years. At the same time, with the help of this route, early indirect, rather than direct trade was generated between China and Latin America. While countless praises describe this route, it is undeniable that the disadvantages it brought cannot be ignored: the mined silver continued to flow to Asia rather than Europe and did not significantly improve the local agricultural and industrial development in the Philippines at that time. At the same time, the lucrative Chinese materials destroyed the interests of local Spanish merchants, etc. In the last 10 years of the 16th century, the Spanish royal family issued a series of decrees. Franchise, Permiso, Pancada, Boleta and Tariff were superimposed together to form a complete set of trade monopoly business models, which maintained Spain's colonial rule in the Philippines and maintained a certain balance between colonies and between colonies and the mother country to the greatest extent. Unfortunately, it did not promote the long-term development of the first globalization. Under the challenge of other countries and military forces, this route, which was hailed as the most profitable, finally came to an end. This article uses literature analysis to elaborate on five types of trade monopolies and their corresponding laws, expressing that monopoly trade can only create short-term, false prosperity, and long-term trade requires open markets and full competition. This is not only a reflection brought about by the Manila Galleons in the 17th century, but the same principle also applies to the fourth globalization.
Abstract: Spain opened the world's first global trade route through China, the Philippines, Mexico and Seville. This route became the lifeline and supply line for the Spanish royal family to maintain its colonial rule in the Philippine Islands for more than 330 years. At the same time, with the help of this route, early indirect, rather than direct trade was...
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Research Article
Studying the Role of the Remnants of the Qarakhanids and Naimans in the Conflicts Between Sultan Muhammad Kharazmshah and the Qarakhanids
Moslem Somali*,
Ali Bahranipour
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, December 2025
Pages:
89-95
Received:
10 July 2025
Accepted:
21 July 2025
Published:
15 August 2025
Abstract: During the reign of Muhammad Kharazmshah, the political and military conflicts between him and the Qarakhatians were strongly influenced by the remnants of the Qarakhanids and the Numans. These two groups, given their rich history and military power, acted as the main rivals of the Khwarazmshah monarchy. The remnants of the Qarakhanids tried to restore their influence, while the Numans sought to preserve their lands and prevent the expansion of the Kharazmshah monarchy. This research, titled “Investigating the Role of the Remnants of the Qarakhanids and Numans in the Conflicts between Sultan Muhammad Kharazmshah and the Qarakhanids,” uses an analytical-descriptive method to answer the following questions: 1- How did the remnants of the Qarakhanids and Numans influence the military strategies of Sultan Muhammad Kharazmshah? 2- What was the role of cooperation or competition between the remnants of the Qarakhanids and Numans in weakening the Khwarazmshah monarchy? The research findings show that the survivors of the Karakhanids and Naimans were able to help weaken the Kharazmshah dynasty by forming temporary alliances and using common military strategies. Sultan Muhammad Kharazmshah was forced to implement military and political reforms to maintain his power due to the pressures arising from the conflict with the Karakhanids and the threat from the Naimans. Ultimately, these factors led to the collapse of the Khwarazmshah government.
Abstract: During the reign of Muhammad Kharazmshah, the political and military conflicts between him and the Qarakhatians were strongly influenced by the remnants of the Qarakhanids and the Numans. These two groups, given their rich history and military power, acted as the main rivals of the Khwarazmshah monarchy. The remnants of the Qarakhanids tried to res...
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