Protected Areas in Brazil and Aichi Target 11: National Achievements
Nájila Rejanne Alencar Julião Cabral,
Adeildo Cabral Silva,
Regina Cleane Marrocos
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, December 2019
Pages:
112-117
Received:
10 October 2019
Accepted:
9 November 2019
Published:
2 December 2019
Abstract: Brazil is a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Therefore, it has commitments to safeguard part of its territory. Considering the achievement of Aichi Target 11, this article aims to show the results of quantitative research of protected areas in Brazil, a developing country, with emphasis on the state of Ceará. The paper highlights the quantity of Conservation Units, a type of Brazilian protected area. It describes two analyses. First, considering a secondary database, the study concentrated on the situation and progress of the Brazilian Conservation Units in achieving Target 11. Then, regarding to meet Target 11, it examined Conservation Units in the State of Ceará. Nowadays, Brazil has 2,309 Conservation Units, including Integral Protection Group and Sustainable Use Group. The results of this research indicate that Brazil has 18.60% of terrestrial protected area and 26.45% of marine protected area. Therefore, they are sufficient to meet Target 11. Data shows percentage above the target, even in 2018, two years before the deadline. The state of Ceará has 116 Conservation Units with 326.61 Km2 of protected area. It is 21.92% of all Ceará’s geographical extension which contributes for the empowerment of Brazilian commitments regarding the national plans and also the Convention on Biological Diversity, even though, it represents only 5% of total number of Brazilian Conservation Units.
Abstract: Brazil is a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Therefore, it has commitments to safeguard part of its territory. Considering the achievement of Aichi Target 11, this article aims to show the results of quantitative research of protected areas in Brazil, a developing country, with emphasis on the state of Ceará. The paper hig...
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Calcium Carbonate and Temperature as Tools for Manipulation of Coastal Sediment Acidification: A Laboratory Study
Brian Matthew Prezoisi,
Timothy James Bowden,
Aria Amirbahman
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, December 2019
Pages:
118-127
Received:
20 October 2019
Accepted:
11 November 2019
Published:
2 December 2019
Abstract: The spread of low-pH sediments (also known as dead muds) has brought about the need for laboratory studies involving acidified sediment. CO2 bubbling is traditionally used to acidify the sediment; however, allowing the native sediment bacteria to do the acidification is a more natural approach. The objective of the current study was to test if the surface sediment could be acidified using the sediment bacteria and determine how long the sediment chemistry stayed stable for. The pH of sediment taken from near Dobbins Island in Beals, ME, was monitored in sediment containers distributed evenly among 20-gallon aquaria containing artificial seawater for 74 days. Half of these aquaria were kept at 6.5°C while the other half were kept at 24°C. Each sediment bed had a depth of 15 cm and had pore water samples taken via syringe at the top, middle and bottom of the sediment column every 2-3 days. Crushed razor clam (Ensis leei) shell was applied to half of these sediment beds on day 33. The results show surface sediment pore water chemistry can be kept at acidified conditions (~6.0 pH/ ~500 µmol kg-1 total alkalinity/ less than 0.04 aragonite saturation state) or ambient collection site conditions (~6.8 pH/ ~4000 µmol kg-1 total alkalinity/ 0.10-0.25 aragonite saturation state) for month-long periods by incubating the sediment in recirculating aquaria or applying crushed E. leei shell respectively. Higher temperatures reduce the incubation time needed to acidify the sediment but shorten the period the surface sediment remains at 6.0 pH for. Before using the method, researchers should run a preliminary experiment with a batch of the sediment they intend to use to insure the sediment acidification intensity and duration meets their needs.
Abstract: The spread of low-pH sediments (also known as dead muds) has brought about the need for laboratory studies involving acidified sediment. CO2 bubbling is traditionally used to acidify the sediment; however, allowing the native sediment bacteria to do the acidification is a more natural approach. The objective of the current study was to test if the ...
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Farmer Practices and Risk of Water Contamination by Pesticides Used in Vegetable Cropping in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Sylvain Ilboudo,
Sountong-Noma Faizatou Sorgho,
Paul Windinpsidi Savadogo,
Geoffroy Gueswindé Ouedraogo,
Félix dit Bondo Kini,
Sylvin Ouedraogo
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, December 2019
Pages:
128-136
Received:
14 November 2019
Accepted:
5 December 2019
Published:
11 December 2019
Abstract: Vegetables are grown world-wide in almost 200 countries, but they are regularly subject to pest pressure. To cope with the multiple pests, farmers resort to pesticides whose use in developing countries carries health and environmental risks. This study aimed to investigate the practices of vegetable farmers from Ouagadougou when using pesticides, and to examine the potential for contamination of ground and surface water. Based on the use of questionnaires and field observations, this study investigated farmers’ practices on vegetable pest management using pesticides. The physicochemical properties of the active ingredients of pesticide were analysed, and Goss and GUS algorithms were applied to estimate the risk of surface and ground water contamination, respectively. The majority of producers were male (58%), illiterate (80%) and use pesticide in their vegetable crops (97.72%). The products used by the farmers in the study areas were insecticides (28), herbicides (5), fungicides (1), and nematicide (1), altough more than 50% of these pesticides were registered for the treatment of cotton crops but not for vegetables. Depending on the crop, 88% of the farmers applied pesticides up to 5 times or more per cropping season. Among active ingredients from pesticides used by farmers, eight are highly solubles, nine are readily degradables, six are moderately mobiles, and five are imobiles. Five have high potential to contaminate surface water while one has high potential to contaminate ground water. These results can be used for the development of tool to predict water contamination by pesticides in pest management by vegetable farmers. This could contribute to the reinforcement of pesticides policy for advance their health, environmental and economic consequences.
Abstract: Vegetables are grown world-wide in almost 200 countries, but they are regularly subject to pest pressure. To cope with the multiple pests, farmers resort to pesticides whose use in developing countries carries health and environmental risks. This study aimed to investigate the practices of vegetable farmers from Ouagadougou when using pesticides, a...
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