Super-Ovulated Chinese Sika Deer (Cervus Nippon) and Assessment of Embryo Transfer at Developmental Stages
Zhao Jing,
Madolo Nkosikhona,
Lv Wenfa,
M.J. Bringans,
Wang Quankai
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
13-18
Received:
2 March 2014
Accepted:
15 April 2014
Published:
30 April 2014
Abstract: The Embryo transfer has been commercially recognized reproductive technique in the world. The study was conducted at a Jiutai local breeding deer farm in China. The breeding protocol was developed for embryo transfer in sika deer to be implemented at farm levels and under wild conditions. Success rates of the technique was measured through indicators like number of follicles developed as a result of a specific treatment protocol, super ovulation rates, and quality of embryos. The male sika deer (Cervus Nippon) were then selected in terms of semen quality, libido, and sperm productivity. Embryo recovery was performed by surgical technique, of which the percentage of the embryo developmental stages was measured, in terms of Blastocyst, Morula, Non-Fertilized. The Hinds (sample size=12) were synchronically induced by inserting a controlled internal drug release (CIDR)devices, injected with Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) i.m for 2-4days .The fertilization for hinds was achieved by natural mating after 4days after CIDR devices withdrawal .Embryo recovery was performed on Day 12(n=6) and Day13(n=6)of the breeding season. The major objective of this research was to evaluate the super- stimulation protocols and determine the frequency of recovered transferable embryo in sika deer. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences P<0.05 between the numbers of corpus luteum, Follicles, Blastocysts and Morula from both uterine horns. The embryo recovery showed positive outcomes of blastocyst, morula for sustainable genetic banking of pure sika deer.
Abstract: The Embryo transfer has been commercially recognized reproductive technique in the world. The study was conducted at a Jiutai local breeding deer farm in China. The breeding protocol was developed for embryo transfer in sika deer to be implemented at farm levels and under wild conditions. Success rates of the technique was measured through indicato...
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Genetic Variations Associated with Brain Disorders: Focus on Synaptic Plasticity and Apoptosis Regulatory Genes in Schizophrenia, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Ischemic Stroke
Anna Boyajyan,
Ani Stepanyan,
Diana Avetyan,
Hovsep Ghazaryan,
Sofi Atshemyan,
Roksana Zakharyan,
Kristina Pirumyan,
Gohar Tsakanova
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
19-29
Received:
20 April 2014
Accepted:
20 May 2014
Published:
30 May 2014
Abstract: Epidemiologic, clinical and experimental data indicates that a majority of brain disorders including schizophrenia (SCZ), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and ischemic stroke (IS) are multifactorial disorders with strong and complex genetic component. Identification of all genetic variations associated with these disorders may sufficiently contribute to understanding of their basic pathomechanisms and encourage development of new innovative approaches to their early diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this review article is to provide overview of our recent studies on evaluation of potential association of SCZ, PTSD and IS with functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of synaptic plasticity and apoptosis regulatory genes in Armenian population. Here, our attention was focused on genes encoding netrin G1 (NTNG1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), complexin-2 (CPLX2), nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptor (NGFR), annexin family proteins - annexin A5 and annexin A11 (ANXAV, ANXA11), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins - Bcl-2 proper and Bcl-2-associated X protein (BCL2, BAX). Genomic DNA samples of diseased and healthy individuals were genotyped for a number of SNPs of the mentioned genes using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). The significance of differences in genotype and allele frequencies and minor allele carriage between patients and healthy control subjects was determined using Pearson’s Chi-square test. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Significant associations were found between: (1) SCZ and BDNF rs6265, CPLX2 rs1366116, rs3892909, NGF rs6330, rs4839435, NGFR rs734194, rs11466155, rs2072446, ANXAV rs11575945, BAX rs1057369 SNPs; (2) PTSD and CPLX2 rs1366116, BCL2 rs956572 SNPs; (3) IS and NTNG1 rs628117, CPLX2 rs1366116, ANXAV rs11575945 SNPs. The obtained results indicated the involvement of genetically determined alterations in synaptic plasticity and apoptosis in pathomechanisms of SCZ, PTSD and IS. The minor T allele of the CPLX2 gene rs1366116 polymorphism represents risk factor for all studied diseased conditions indicating important functional significance of this genetic variation in maintenance of synaptic plasticity. Another important conclusion of these studies is that minor alleles of some polymorphic variants of genes, encoding synaptic plasticity and apoptosis regulatory proteins, may play a protective role relative to SCZ decreasing the risk for development of this disorder. In summary, our studies emphasize the important contribution of changes in synaptic plasticity and apoptosis regulation to pathomechanisms of SCZ, PTSD, and IS as well as significant input of genetic factors to these changes.
Abstract: Epidemiologic, clinical and experimental data indicates that a majority of brain disorders including schizophrenia (SCZ), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and ischemic stroke (IS) are multifactorial disorders with strong and complex genetic component. Identification of all genetic variations associated with these disorders may sufficiently con...
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