Abstract: Antibiotic resistant and foodborne pathogenic bacteria of poultry origin have become important and a threat to public health, this is as a result of the continual use of the antibiotics in poultry. This study therefore aimed to provides information on Antibiotic Usage and Resistance Pattern of Human Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Poultry Droppings in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Isolation, identification and characterization of bacterial isolates were carried out by standard microbiological method, surveillance on antibiotic usage in poultry was carried out by administering multiple choice structured questionnaires while disc diffusion method was used for antibiotic susceptibility test. Samples of fresh poultry dropping were obtained from layers, broilers chicken in Akure, Nigeria. Bacterial pathogens isolated were mainly Enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp. and Micrococcus luteus. Escherichia coli 77 (53.50%) is the most prevalent bacteria, most poultry farm employed more than one antibiotics, twenty-one (21) different antibiotic usage patterns was observed with Enrofloxacin, NCO, Chlortetracycline and Keproceryl being the most used antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance pattern based on the most used antibiotics in poultry revealed that resistance to tetracycline 89.36% was higher in the isolates from farms that used Chlortetracycline mostly and resistance to gentamicin 51.72%, cloxacillin 100%, and erythromycin 100% was higher in those isolates from farms that used Keproceryl mostly. Conclusively, the conventional use of antibiotics in poultry may have resulted to the antibiotic resistance pattern observed in human pathogenic bacterial isolates which can be acquired by man through the food chain.Abstract: Antibiotic resistant and foodborne pathogenic bacteria of poultry origin have become important and a threat to public health, this is as a result of the continual use of the antibiotics in poultry. This study therefore aimed to provides information on Antibiotic Usage and Resistance Pattern of Human Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Poultry Droppin...Show More
Abstract: An accurate, sensitive, precise and isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method, using a UV detector for analysis of paracetamol and tramadol hydrochloride in combination tablets has been developed and validated. The best separation was achieved on Zorbax SB C18 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5-μm particle, with 30: 70 (v/v) of acetonitrile: 1% trifluoroacetic acid as the mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. The detection wavelength was set at 271 nm. The method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The response was a linear function of concentration over the range of 325 – 2112.50 ppm for paracetamol and 37.5 – 243.8 ppm for tramadol hydrochloride. The correlation coefficient (r2) was found to be 0.9998 for paracetamol and 0.9961 for tramadol hydrochloride. The limits of detection and quantitation were found to be 35.80 ppm and 108.49 ppm for paracetamol and 4.14 ppm and 12.54 ppm for tramadol hydrochloride. The drug was subjected to hydrolytic and thermal stress and was found to decompose slightly under both acidic and basic hydrolytic stress conditions and also under thermal stress. The degradation products produced as a result of the hydrolytic and thermal stress did not affect the detection of both paracetamol and tramadol hydrochloride, and the assay could thus be regarded as stability-indicating. The developed method was used to assay a sample of fixed-dose combination tablets and was found to be suitable for application in the analysis of fixed-dose combination tablets of paracetamol and tramadol hydrochloride for quality control purposes.Abstract: An accurate, sensitive, precise and isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method, using a UV detector for analysis of paracetamol and tramadol hydrochloride in combination tablets has been developed and validated. The best separation was achieved on Zorbax SB C18 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5-μm particle, with 30: 70 (v/v) ...Show More
