-
Performance Evaluation of Improved Oat Varieties/Accessions at East Guji Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
Tamrat Dinkale,
Wubshet Tesfaye,
Yerosan Wekgari
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
121-124
Received:
16 September 2020
Accepted:
29 September 2020
Published:
30 October 2020
Abstract: The study was conducted with the objectives to introduce adaptive, high grain and forage yielder of improved Oat accessions/varieties for mid land of Guji zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications under Bore Agricultural Research Center, Adola sub site for two consecutive (2013/14 to 2014/15) in the mean season. Data of 50% date flowering, date of mature, biomass yield, plant height and diseases incidence were collected. Significant (P<0.001) differences were observed for all measured agronomic traits except for lodging and green fodder yield. The result indicates that Jasari was the shortest and Grayaleris was the longest in terms of date of 50% flowering. Grayaleris Variety is late mature whereas Bona Bas variety is early mature. The maximum and minimum plant height was recorded from Lampton and Grayaleris variety respectively that showed significant (P<0.001) variation. Jasari variety (90%) followed by 6710 (83.33%) accession and lampton (78.33%) variety was the most susceptible and has low resistance to disease reaction (leaf and stem rust) and the lowest diseases severity was recorded from Bona Bas (1.67%) followed by Bonsa (6.6%) and 79Ab382 (TX) 80SA95 (10%) varieties. The maximum grain yield (28.85 quant/ha) was produced by accession 79Ab382 (TX) 80SA95 followed by accessions CI-8235 and CI-8237 which where (26.48 and 26.43 quant/ha) respectively and Lampton variety produced minimum grain yield (15.36 quant/ha). From this study, it is concluded that the oat varieties/ accessions 79Ab382 (TX) 80SA95, CI-8235 and Bonsa were found a promising in terms of grain yield, green fodder yield, absence of lodge and diseases resistance than others that could be demonstrated and popularized as an alternative feed resources under smallholder conditions in the study areas and other places of Guji zones of Oromia region with similar climatic and edaphic conditions.
Abstract: The study was conducted with the objectives to introduce adaptive, high grain and forage yielder of improved Oat accessions/varieties for mid land of Guji zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications under Bore Agricultural Research Center, Adola sub site for two consecutive...
Show More
-
Evaluation of Nutrient Content of Vermicompost Made from Different Substrates at Mechara Agricultural Research Center on Station, West Hararghe Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
Tadele Geremu,
Habtamu Hailu,
Alemayhu Diriba
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
125-130
Received:
26 September 2020
Accepted:
13 October 2020
Published:
30 October 2020
Abstract: The study was conducted at Mechara Agricultural Research Centre during 2016–2018 to evaluate nutrient content of vermicompost made from different substrates. The treatments were sorghum straw, maize straw, teff straw, haricot bean straw, grass straw and mixture of all straws. A red worm (Eisenia fetida) was selected to digest the substrates. The substrates was chopped and added to the worm bin volume calculated using spherical frustum formula 1/6πh (3a2+3b2+h2 in a ration 2.5:1 ration of cattle manure to crop residue in weight basis. Water was sprayed to maintain optimum moisture for worms as it needed. The vermi composting process was started by releasing 100 worms in to the substrates. Matured composite vermicompost samples were prepared and collected for laboratory analysis. The laboratory result showed that, the pH and EC values of all type of vermicompost are found in suitable range for survival of earthworms and also for plant growth. Data with regards to %OC, C: N ratio and CEC of vermicompost made from all material is excellent and promise for improvement of soil properties. Relatively the highest (4.26%) and lowest (3.04%) TN content was recorded from vermicompost made from grasses and haricot bean substrates respectively. The highest value of available P and K was also registered from vermicompost prepared from all materials. Even if the values of recorded exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and extractable micro nutrients were different, the vermicompost obtained from all substrates were rich in exchangeable cations and micro nutrients. Therefore, the nutrient content of vermicompost prepared from all substrates showed the highest values for all macro and micro plant nutrients. Thus, the vermicompost made from all materials could correct the plant nutrient imbalance and could be used for vermicompost preparation based on the accessibility of materials. Also utilizing the vermicompost for crop production and enhancing soil fertility.
Abstract: The study was conducted at Mechara Agricultural Research Centre during 2016–2018 to evaluate nutrient content of vermicompost made from different substrates. The treatments were sorghum straw, maize straw, teff straw, haricot bean straw, grass straw and mixture of all straws. A red worm (Eisenia fetida) was selected to digest the substrates. The su...
Show More
-
Phenotypic Characterization of Indigenous Chicken Ecotypes in Awi Zone, Ethiopia
Andualem Yihun,
Manzoor Ahmed Kirmani,
Meseret Molla
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
131-139
Received:
2 October 2020
Accepted:
21 October 2020
Published:
4 November 2020
Abstract: The study was conducted in three districts of Awi zone in Amhara region, with the aim to characterize and identify the phenotypic variation of indigenous chicken ecotypes. A total of 720 indigenous chicken ecotypes were (504) females and (216) males from the whole districts) to describe qualitative and quantitative traits. Local chicken were mostly normally feathered and large phenotypic variability among ecotypes was observed for plumage color. A many plumage colors were identified in all districts in which Red in high-land and mid-land and Gebsima (grayish) colours in low-land were the predominant color of the study area beside a large diversity. The average body weight of local chickens in high-land, mid-land and low-land agro-ecologies were 1.476, 1.75 and 1.71kg respectively, while the respective values for mature cocks and hens were 1.78 and 1.51kg. Variations were also observed in shank length, chest circumference, body length, neck length, wingspan, wing length, comb width, comb length and shank circumference. In conclusion, there is diversity of indigenous chicken population and farmers’ preference of different traits that may invite to design community based genetic improvement. These were recommended in poultry breeding policy which focused on managemental system, selection, and trait preference should be designed.
Abstract: The study was conducted in three districts of Awi zone in Amhara region, with the aim to characterize and identify the phenotypic variation of indigenous chicken ecotypes. A total of 720 indigenous chicken ecotypes were (504) females and (216) males from the whole districts) to describe qualitative and quantitative traits. Local chicken were mostly...
Show More
-
Review on Gender Roles in Livestock Value Chain in Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
140-147
Received:
25 August 2020
Accepted:
18 September 2020
Published:
11 November 2020
Abstract: This paper is reviewed based on livestock value chain from gender perspectives in Ethiopia. Livestock are generally considered a key resource for rural livelihoods and they also play significant economic and cultural roles in the country. They can also be an entry point to promote gender empowerment in rural areas because livestock activities are a daily occupation and animal products such as milk, butter and meat are produced, processed and marketed in the country, with men and women contribution for the work. For these reasons, it is important to review gender roles and access to, control over and benefit from the resources along the livestock value chain and factors affecting women participation in livestock value chain in the country. The paper is reviewed based on a desk research of the synthesis and site-specific/country level studies from the livestock commodities’ value chain conducted in Ethiopia. Accordingly, both men and women play a significant role along the stages of livestock value chain in the country. Women mostly participated in gathering feed and provide feed to the livestock, watering, take care of the sick and young animals, contribute to cleaning the animal shelter, milking and contribute to sale of the livestock products. Men are specifically involved in herding, cutting forage, marketing and taking livestock to health centers. Livestock ownership between men and women is strongly related to social, cultural and economic factors. It also depends on the kind of livestock they raise. Large livestock are owned by men while smaller animals such as goats, sheep and poultry are mostly owned by women. Although small ruminants are often owned by women, it is the men who are responsible for their disposal and thus in charge of making decisions related to their sale. Gender related factors such as poor technical skills in animal care, limited veterinary services, limited access to markets and poor marketing skills, limited access to financial and extension services, high illiteracy levels and social expectations in the community, less ownership and benefits from the productive assets tend to affect women’s participation to livestock value chain. Therefore, to contribute to household security, women should be supported as livestock owners, processors and users of benefits as men for strengthening their decision making power at the household level and also, to reduce poverty, women should be supported economically as well as socially.
Abstract: This paper is reviewed based on livestock value chain from gender perspectives in Ethiopia. Livestock are generally considered a key resource for rural livelihoods and they also play significant economic and cultural roles in the country. They can also be an entry point to promote gender empowerment in rural areas because livestock activities are a...
Show More
-
Response of Chickpea (Cicer aeritinum L.) Genotype to Intra and Inter Row Spacing at Huletegna Choroko, Southern Ethiopia
Tatek Tamiru,
Walelign Worku,
Worku Mengesha,
Getu Weya
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
148-158
Received:
21 September 2020
Accepted:
6 October 2020
Published:
19 November 2020
Abstract: Chickpea has a major role in the daily diet of the rural community and urban population as a good source of energy, protein, minerals, vitamins, fiber and its straw is used for animal feed, and it also improves soil fertility by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen. Optimum plant density and appropriate genotypes for a given agro ecology influences plant size, yield components and ultimately the seed yield. Hence, a field experiment was carried out to determine the effect of intra and inter-row spacing on growth, yield and yield component of chickpea (Cicer aeritinum L.) Genotypes under rain fed condition in Huletegna Choroko, Southern Ethiopia in 2016 cropping season. A split-split plot design with three replications was used with two chickpea genotypes: Genotypes Habru and Mastewal were arranged in main plot and intra-row spacing of 5, 10 and 15 cm in sub-plot and inter-row spacing’s of 30, 40 and 50 cm in sub-sub plot. Days to flowering and hundred seed weight were significantly different between the two genotypes. Intra-row spacing had significantly affected physiological maturity, nodule dry weight plant-1, plant height, primary branch plant-1, pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, above ground biomass and seed yield. Inter row spacing also significantly affected days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, nodule number plant-1, nodule dry weight, plant height, primary branch, pod plant-1, seed number pod-1, above ground dry matter and seed yield. Mastewal genotype obtained the maximum (2.91 t ha-1) grain yield at the combination of 15 cm intra row and 30 cm inter row spacing while Habru genotype obtained (2.57 t ha-1) at the same intra and inter-row spacing. Finally it could be concluded that intra row spacing of 15 cm and inter row spacing of 30 cm were found to be the optimum for maximum grain yield of chickpea using genotype Mastewal and Habru at Halaba, Huletegna choroko.
Abstract: Chickpea has a major role in the daily diet of the rural community and urban population as a good source of energy, protein, minerals, vitamins, fiber and its straw is used for animal feed, and it also improves soil fertility by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen. Optimum plant density and appropriate genotypes for a given agro ecology influences plan...
Show More
-
Adaptability and Performance Evaluation of Coffee (coffea arabica l.) Varieties on Growth, Yield and Assosiation of Traits at Mid Highland Area of Western Ethiopia
Nimona Fufa,
Desta Bekele,
Jemal Ibirahim
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
159-163
Received:
29 October 2020
Accepted:
10 November 2020
Published:
19 November 2020
Abstract: The bases of the idea to conduct this field experiment was the uses of the coffee and the suitable agro-ecology of mao-komo special distinct area, which have relatively the same ecology with potential coffee producing area of western wellega. To identifying adaptable coffee varieties that could exhibit higher yield to maximize coffee production and productivity to the environments of mao-komo special distinct, western Ethiopia, in order to diversify their production and to maximize the income of the farmers in the area. Based on this fact, a field experiment was conducted using six released coffee varieties, arranged with a randomized complete block design with three replicates to select varieties which could exhibit relatively better performance at the area. Those varieties were planted at a spacing of 2 m by 2 m between plants and rows, respectively and were evaluated for yield and yield components. They were grown with shade of Susbaniasusben. From the evaluated varieties it was noted that parameters as plant height, height up to primary branch, internodes length on main stem, canopy diameter, clean coffee yield had significant difference (p<0.05) among the varieties and the highest clean Coffee yield (1392.9, 1338.5 and 1100 Kg ha-1) was scored by the 75227, 7440 and F59 varieties respectively. On the contrary 74110 exhibited least mean yields of 860.1 Kg of clean coffee per hectare. Based on the yield performance 75227 and 7440 varieties were recommended to producers of coffee at Mao-komo area and demonstration needs to be investigated.
Abstract: The bases of the idea to conduct this field experiment was the uses of the coffee and the suitable agro-ecology of mao-komo special distinct area, which have relatively the same ecology with potential coffee producing area of western wellega. To identifying adaptable coffee varieties that could exhibit higher yield to maximize coffee production and...
Show More
-
How Australian Aborigines Shaped and Maintained Fire Regimes and the Biota
Vic Jurskis,
Roger Underwood,
Neil Burrows
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
164-172
Received:
22 October 2020
Accepted:
12 November 2020
Published:
23 November 2020
Abstract: People proliferated across Australia, which was then a part of Sahul, from about 40 000 years ago when megafauna finally disappeared long before the Last Glacial Maximum. The so called ‘blitzkrieg’ hypothesis proposes that megafauna were extinguished by Aboriginal hunting. It is argued, either that there were some changes in vegetation and fire regimes as a consequence, or that fire regimes and vegetation were largely unaffected by human arrival. However, there is an alternative view that Aboriginal burning changed the vegetation so that megafauna had insufficient food resources to sustain them. We aimed to resolve this debate by examining the published palaeological and historical evidence. This evidence indicates that Aboriginal burning initially turned much biomass into charcoal, reducing browse, changing vegetation and causing megafaunal extinctions. It created ecosystems whose health and safety depend on constant human input of mild fire. Mild burning of these anthropogenic landscapes consumes relatively little biomass and produces relatively little charcoal. Although burning by people has typically been regarded as an ecological disturbance, the historical evidence, together with traditional Aboriginal knowledge, suggests that it is actually maintenance, essential to sustain our natural environment. We conclude that people can reinstate resilient, healthy and safe landscapes irrespective of climate change.
Abstract: People proliferated across Australia, which was then a part of Sahul, from about 40 000 years ago when megafauna finally disappeared long before the Last Glacial Maximum. The so called ‘blitzkrieg’ hypothesis proposes that megafauna were extinguished by Aboriginal hunting. It is argued, either that there were some changes in vegetation and fire reg...
Show More
-
Social Organization and Activity Patterns of Common Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus Gmelin, 1788) in Dabena Valley Forest, Western Ethiopia
Alemayehu Edossa,
Afework Bekele,
Habte Jebessa Debella
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
173-181
Received:
5 October 2020
Accepted:
24 October 2020
Published:
27 November 2020
Abstract: Studies on social organization and activity patterns of common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus Gmelin, 1788) was conducted in southwestern and northeastern Dabena Valley Forest from May 2016 to June 2018. These were in Gassi Controlled Area (GCHA) the southwestern part and in Haro Aba Diko Controlled Hunting Area (HADCHA); the northeastern part of the Valley. Group sizes of common warthogs whose center were on or very near the strip line transect were detected using binoculars and naked eyes. Population structure and group categories were recorded. Observations on diurnal activity patterns were carried out using naked eyes and binoculars. The duration of each activity was recorded using mobile electronic stopwatch. Continual scan sampling methods were used to assess the activity budgets of common warthog populations. The sounder size of common warthog population in GCHA was 246, in HADCHA, it was 652. The population size in the study areas showed a significant difference (χ2=18.78, df=1, P=0.05). The highest common warthog population sounder was formed by unidentified juvenile sex: 235 (26.5%), followed by sub-adult male: 191 (21%). During the wet season, the adult male common warthog population sounder size was significantly different (Mann– Whitney: U=1.5, P< 0.005) compared to the sub-adult female. There were significant differences in walking (F122=6.65, P < 0.05) and vigilance (F122=26.21, P < 0.05) between GCHA and HADCHA during the wet season. Adult common warthogs spent the highest proportion of the daytime feeding (47.21%), followed by resting (14.29%) and walking (11.94%).
Abstract: Studies on social organization and activity patterns of common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus Gmelin, 1788) was conducted in southwestern and northeastern Dabena Valley Forest from May 2016 to June 2018. These were in Gassi Controlled Area (GCHA) the southwestern part and in Haro Aba Diko Controlled Hunting Area (HADCHA); the northeastern part of ...
Show More
-
Improving Model of Hard Clam (Meretrix lyrata) Seed Nursing in the Coastal Area - Case Study in Tra Vinh Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam
Ta Thi Kim Oanh,
Nguyen Van Lap,
Nguyen Thi Mong Lan,
Ta Duy Thong
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
182-188
Received:
19 October 2020
Accepted:
4 November 2020
Published:
4 December 2020
Abstract: The model of clam seed nursery in the coastal area of Tra Vinh province was carried out from June 2019 to February 2020 in the coastal dune and tidal flat in Thanh Dat Cooperative. The clam seed source is the natural seed harvested in the coast of Tra Vinh province with the goal of exploiting and using local resources to provide clam seeds for the cooperative clam farming. The model consists of two phases: the first phase of nursing is in ponds on the coastal dune and the second phase of nursing is on the tidal flat in natural condition. It indicates that during the first phase, the input of model used 50 kg clam grade I (150,000 ind./ kg) was released into the nursing ponds, the nursing pond with oxygen supplementation is a good facility resulting high survival rate of 62.8% in comparison to 43.5% in case of pond without oxygen supplementation. In October 2019, total 285 kg of grade II clams (15,000 ind./ kg) was obtained and released on 6,000 m2 clam ground in Thanh Dat Cooperative. In February 2020, total 2.33 million clam individuals were harvested, it is about 3,880 kg clam seed with the size of 600 ind./ kg. The model of clam seed nursing in the tidal flat was completed with clam seed survival rate of 54.5%. All of clam seed is continued culturing to the commercial clam production on the same ground of Thanh Dat Cooperative.
Abstract: The model of clam seed nursery in the coastal area of Tra Vinh province was carried out from June 2019 to February 2020 in the coastal dune and tidal flat in Thanh Dat Cooperative. The clam seed source is the natural seed harvested in the coast of Tra Vinh province with the goal of exploiting and using local resources to provide clam seeds for the ...
Show More
