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Melting of a New Carbon –Free Waxed Sponge Iron in Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) for Steelmaking
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2-1, March 2015
Pages:
1-6
Received:
19 October 2014
Accepted:
2 November 2014
Published:
3 November 2014
Abstract: No problem with the melting of new carbon – free waxed coated sponge iron (Jaleel's process) for producing different steel alloys. Coated wax: (1) acts as inhibitor for inhibition of reoxidation of sponge iron. (2) provide the required carbon for reduction iron oxide as well as a balance for the chemical composition of steel. (3) provide part of the heat required for the reduction. (4) acts as a refiner for the steel via hydrogen formation in the slag which attacks impurities. Economic study was done show that (1) about 8-10% reduction in the electric energy consumption with the new carbon – free waxed sponge iron comparing with that of normal sponge iron under the same melting conditions. (2) long life ( ~ 20-25% more) for carbon electrode in the case of the new material melting comparing with that of normal sponge iron due to the reducing atmosphere created from the wax combustion during melting. (3) chemical analyses for produced steel show no traces of sulfur and phosphorous remain after melting. (4) calculation shows that there is a 5% reduction in the total steel cost production in case of using 50% sponge iron ( contain 5% wax according to Jaleel waxing process) according to HYL costs system.
Abstract: No problem with the melting of new carbon – free waxed coated sponge iron (Jaleel's process) for producing different steel alloys. Coated wax: (1) acts as inhibitor for inhibition of reoxidation of sponge iron. (2) provide the required carbon for reduction iron oxide as well as a balance for the chemical composition of steel. (3) provide part of th...
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Inhibition of Reoxidation of Direct Reduced Iron ( DRI) or Sponge Iron
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2-1, March 2015
Pages:
7-10
Received:
19 October 2014
Accepted:
4 November 2014
Published:
5 November 2014
Abstract: A method of inhibiting degeneration of direct reduced iron by immersing the iron ore, after it has been reduced, in molten wax for a period of time sufficient for the wax to cover completely the surface of the iron and to enter the pores in the surface of the iron. The iron is preferably in the form of pellets which are conveyed in mesh baskets which are themselves immersed in the wax. The wax is preferably paraffin wax at a temperature of between 110° and 120°C.
Abstract: A method of inhibiting degeneration of direct reduced iron by immersing the iron ore, after it has been reduced, in molten wax for a period of time sufficient for the wax to cover completely the surface of the iron and to enter the pores in the surface of the iron. The iron is preferably in the form of pellets which are conveyed in mesh baskets whi...
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Carburizing of Steel
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2-1, March 2015
Pages:
11-14
Received:
19 October 2014
Accepted:
23 October 2014
Published:
5 November 2014
Abstract: Paraffin wax (sulfur and phosphorous free)used as carburizer material for low carbon steels(Steel20, Steel3, and Steel 20x) instead of kerosene. Results show 1) Carburized layer by wax is more depth than in case of kerosene for all the three types of steel, e.g. for steel 20x the depths are 1.336 0.001 and 0.98 0.15 mm respectively 2) More homogenized carburized layer by wax than by kerosene 3) Higher hardness carburized layer by wax than by kerosene, for steel 20x (61.5 and 59.5 Rockwell Respectively) 4) Carburized layer by wax contains 0.017 % sulfur and 0.98 % carbon while 0.022 % sulfur and 0.93 % carbon by kerosene 5) No sludge materials residue remain on the steel treated surface as in case of using kerosene 6) Under the same conditions (temperature, pressure, and volume) wax shows shorter time than kerosene to get the same depth of carburized layer 7) Wax is more save than kerosene as poisonous and fire hazard material 8) No corrosion effects on the furnace and its heaters in case of using wax than with kerosene (kerosene contains 0.2 % sulfur).
Abstract: Paraffin wax (sulfur and phosphorous free)used as carburizer material for low carbon steels(Steel20, Steel3, and Steel 20x) instead of kerosene. Results show 1) Carburized layer by wax is more depth than in case of kerosene for all the three types of steel, e.g. for steel 20x the depths are 1.336 0.001 and 0.98 0.15 mm respectively 2) More homogeni...
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Effect of Nano Silica on the Mechanical Properties of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Composite
Jaleel Kareem Ahmed,
Mohammed H. Al-maamori,
Hajir Mohammed Ali
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2-1, March 2015
Pages:
15-20
Received:
16 November 2014
Accepted:
19 November 2014
Published:
22 November 2014
Abstract: The aim of this research is to study the effect of nano silica which use as a filler with loading level (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 pphr) on mechanical properties of SBR such as Tensile strength, elastic modulus, hardness, abrasion, fatigue and tear resistance. The results show that on addition of small quantities of nano silica an increase of mechanical properties occurs. While at high percent of nano silica aggregation in rubber matrix occurs and decrease themechanical properties.
Abstract: The aim of this research is to study the effect of nano silica which use as a filler with loading level (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 pphr) on mechanical properties of SBR such as Tensile strength, elastic modulus, hardness, abrasion, fatigue and tear resistance. The results show that on addition of small quantities of nano silica an incr...
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Effect of Chlorophyll and Anthocyanin on the Secondary Bonds of Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)
Jaleel Kareem Ahmed,
Zuhair J. Abdul Amer,
Maha Jasim Mohammed Al-Bahate
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2-1, March 2015
Pages:
21-29
Received:
16 November 2014
Accepted:
19 November 2014
Published:
22 November 2014
Abstract: This paper deals with the effect of natural pigments (chlorophyll and anthocyanin) on the secondary bonds in (poly vinyl chloride PVC), which play an important role in the physical and chemical behavior of it. Natural pigments extracted from plants by a simple method and blended with PVC powder in different ratio of natural pigments, and the properties of the blend were determined and compared. The extracted pigments were characterized by UV- visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The blend of PVC with pigments were characterized by FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hardness, and density. The results show that anthocyanin shows higher depression in glass transition temperature (Tg) of PVC than chlorophyll pigment, where the maximum effect of chlorophyll is 3%. The obtained Tg used in calculations depending on molecular models which its content the simplest idealized model of a linear molecule is the chain model without branching. The hardness and density of PVC decrease as anthocyanin and chlorophyll percent increases. All these results were contributed to that chlorophyll and anthocyanin act as plasticizers by effecting on secondary bonds of PVC polymer.
Abstract: This paper deals with the effect of natural pigments (chlorophyll and anthocyanin) on the secondary bonds in (poly vinyl chloride PVC), which play an important role in the physical and chemical behavior of it. Natural pigments extracted from plants by a simple method and blended with PVC powder in different ratio of natural pigments, and the proper...
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Viscoelastic and Rheological Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose /Starch/Graphite Oxide as Superabsorbent Hydrogel Nano Composites (SHNCs)
Auda Jabbar Braihi,
Sihama Issa Salih,
Fadhel Abbas Hashem
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2-1, March 2015
Pages:
30-36
Received:
17 November 2014
Accepted:
4 December 2014
Published:
27 December 2014
Abstract: Uncross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) / starch blend used to prepare two hydrogels; the first is cross-linked CMC / starch with aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate cross-linker and the second is SHNCs manufactured from incorporation of 0.3wt% nano graphite oxide (GO) in the above cross-linked blend. Viscoelastic and rheological properties of these two hydrogels were studied and compared with the uncross-linked blend. Results showed that the cross-linking process increases the blend miscibility and converted it to miscible blend. The SHNCs hydrogel has the higher Tg and the uncross-linked blend has the higher Tan δ. GO addition causes increment in some viscoelastic parameters such as G*, G', and G", and decrement in damping parameters and make the damping behavior more stable at lower frequencies, and causes increment for all rheological parameters (η* , ηo, ηf , and GNo). GO addition leads, also, to the absence of the shear thickening behavior and increases both the entanglement density and the molecular weight average. Both hydrogels exhibited broad molecular weight distribution (MWD) and highly cross-linking degree and their elastic behavior predominates; makes them rigid specially at higher frequencies.
Abstract: Uncross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) / starch blend used to prepare two hydrogels; the first is cross-linked CMC / starch with aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate cross-linker and the second is SHNCs manufactured from incorporation of 0.3wt% nano graphite oxide (GO) in the above cross-linked blend. Viscoelastic and rheological properties of th...
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Using Chlorophyll as Gamma Absorber
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2-1, March 2015
Pages:
37-42
Received:
7 January 2015
Accepted:
8 January 2015
Published:
27 January 2015
Abstract: Chlorophyll extracted from celery using 50% v/v water – methyl alcohol as a solvent. By this method the concentration of chlorophyll was 22.6% with yellowish-green color. This solution showed strongly absorption at 400 – 210 nm and maximum was at the end of ultra-violet region. This absorption appeared in water, methyl alcohol, and acetone, but strongest absorption was in water. No emission spectra was detected in the ultra-violet and visible regions which means that chlorophyll absorbs radiation and dissipate it as a heat.Several samples of the above solution was radiated by gamma ray from cesium-137 with energy of 0.7 Mev for different intervals (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 24 hours). The color of the solution disappeared after two hours radiation while the pH decreases from 6.38 for unradiated to radiated celery solution 4.17 after 24 hours radiation with liberation of carbon dioxide which indicates destroying of chlorophyll but the absorption at 400 – 210 nm still exists which reflects the high stability of the group magnesium-four nitrogen atoms (tetrapyrrole) its energy about 3500 kJ mol-1. The resulted carbon dioxide carries by hemoglobin to expel via lungs similar to that produces by biological activity of the body.Calculation showed that the dosage of two hours radiation in which color of the solution disappeared (Compton effect) was 5.6 killogray (1 gray = 1 Joule per 1 kg sample) absorbed by chlorophyll before color disappear is enough to kills 1120 people weight 75 kg each within 14 days when the whole bodies exposure at one time.The samples glass containers and their white plastic covers of the radiated samples for 4 and 24 hours changed their color to violet may be due to the rearrangement of their physical structures. Others interesting points will appear in the full article.Capsules used as carrier for the chlorophyll to take it by children.
Abstract: Chlorophyll extracted from celery using 50% v/v water – methyl alcohol as a solvent. By this method the concentration of chlorophyll was 22.6% with yellowish-green color. This solution showed strongly absorption at 400 – 210 nm and maximum was at the end of ultra-violet region. This absorption appeared in water, methyl alcohol, and acetone, but str...
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Effect of Novolac on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Nitrile Rubber (NBR)
Mohammed H. Al-Maamori,
Ali Abdul-Amir Al-Zubaidi,
Ahmed Abdulameer Subeh
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2-1, March 2015
Pages:
43-47
Received:
13 January 2015
Accepted:
17 January 2015
Published:
1 February 2015
Abstract: This research aims to study the effect of addition novolac material (phenol formaldehyde resin, polar) on the mechanical and physical properties of nitrile rubber (NBR) and the proportion of addition novolac material is(0,10,20,30,40,50 pphr) to a sample of nitrile rubber containing 40 part per hundred rubber (pphr) carbon black as a proportion stationary been prepared with (factors of vulcanization, accelerators and activators using two-roll mill laboratory, molds, thermal piston and difference of examination conditions from pressure, temperature and time according to the ASTM), all tests were conducted in the laboratories of the college of materials engineering - university of babylon and laboratories of babylon tire company. Then carrying out the process of scheduling the results of laboratory testing and study its diagrams. Where the results showed the mechanical properties increase in hardness, modulus of elasticity, and resistance to compression, and improved a little in the tear resistance, especially when the amount of novolac are 10 and 20 pphr, and a decrease in properties (tensile strength, elongation at break and resilience), also results show increase in adhesion with polyester fibers and nylon fibers when increasing novolac material. While the results of the physical properties show primitive increase in viscosity, the greatest torque twisting, scorch time and cure time, then decrease for to increasing novolac material. specific gravity also increases with increasing novolac material.
Abstract: This research aims to study the effect of addition novolac material (phenol formaldehyde resin, polar) on the mechanical and physical properties of nitrile rubber (NBR) and the proportion of addition novolac material is(0,10,20,30,40,50 pphr) to a sample of nitrile rubber containing 40 part per hundred rubber (pphr) carbon black as a proportion sta...
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