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Review Article
Classification of the Animals Based on Environment: A Proposal to Minimization of the Mistakes in the Theophrastus’ Classification
Amâncio Maurício Xavier Rêgo*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
76-84
Received:
10 September 2025
Accepted:
19 September 2025
Published:
27 October 2025
Abstract: The objective of this article was to analyze the classification of the Animals based on Environment. The main materials used were two books and an educative YouTube video about terrestrial and aerial and aquatic Animals. The methods used were bibliographical and documentary research; each method used was accompanied by profound personal reflections about Theophrastus’ classification. This article is important for Biology teachers who teach the classification of the Animals based on Environment, because presents a proposal of classification of the Animals that minimizes the mistakes that exist in the Theophrastus’ classification. Theophrastus was a philosopher of Ancient Greek who used the word Terrestrials to designate only those Animals that live in the Soil and move on the Soil, and who classified Animals according to the Environment in Aerial, Aquatic and Terrestrial Animals. In the Theophrastus’ classification, the Aerial Animals that normally live immersed in the atmospheric Air, for example Man and Monkey, are considered Terrestrial Animals. The main mistakes that exist in the Theophrastus’ classification are the consideration of various Aerial Animals as being Terrestrial and the lack of a proper name to designate the group of Animals that normally live immersed in the Soil. The Earth is not the Soil and the word Terrestrials is not appropriate to designate only those Animals that live in the Soil and move on the Soil because is applied to any Animal that exists in the Planet Earth, the appropriate word to designate only those Animals that live in the Soil is the word Solumials or Solumics because is formed by adding the English suffix ials or ics to the Latin root Solum which means Soil in English. To minimize the mistakes that exist in the Theophrastus’ classification is proposed the comprehension of that, the Terrestrial Animals are all the Animals that exist in the Planet Earth and the Animals are classified according to the Environment in Aerial and Aquatic and Solumial or Solumic Animals. The Environments of the Planet Earth in which the Animals can live are the Atmosphere formed by atmospheric Air, the Hydrosphere formed by Water and the Lithosphere composed by Soil. Based on Environment, the Aerial Animals are those that live immersed in the atmospheric Air, example Man; the Aquatic Animals are those that live immersed in the Water, example Fish; the Solumial or Solumic Animals are those that live immersed in the Soil, example Mole.
Abstract: The objective of this article was to analyze the classification of the Animals based on Environment. The main materials used were two books and an educative YouTube video about terrestrial and aerial and aquatic Animals. The methods used were bibliographical and documentary research; each method used was accompanied by profound personal reflections...
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Review Article
Review on Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock Through a One Health Approach
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
85-92
Received:
1 October 2025
Accepted:
14 October 2025
Published:
31 October 2025
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most pressing global health threats of the 21st century, jeopardizing the effective treatment of infectious diseases across humans, animals, and the environment. In livestock production, antimicrobials are widely used for therapeutic, prophylactic, and growth-promoting purposes. Therefore, the objective of this review is to examine the application of One Health approaches in addressing AMR in livestock and to identify key challenges and opportunities for their effective implementation. The inappropriate and excessive use of antimicrobials in animals has accelerated the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. These resistant bacteria can be transmitted to humans through direct contact, food consumption, and environmental contamination, posing significant risks to public health, food security, and economic stability. Addressing AMR from a single-sector perspective has proven inadequate. A One Health approach which recognizes the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health offers a more sustainable and effective solution. Despite growing global and national advocacy for One Health strategies, implementation remains inconsistent, particularly in the livestock sector. In many low- and middle-income countries, antimicrobial use in animals is poorly regulated, data on usage and resistance patterns are limited, and cross-sectoral collaboration is weak. Although One Health frameworks exist, their operationalization in livestock systems is hindered by gaps in policy, coordination, and technical capacity. In conclusion, AMR in livestock is a complex issue that requires a collaborative, multisectoral response. Strengthening the One Health approach is essential to tackle AMR at its source. As a key recommendation, countries should establish a national One Health coordination platform that brings together stakeholders from human, animal, and environmental health sectors to implement harmonized surveillance, promote responsible antimicrobial use, and support education and capacity building. Strong political commitment and sustained investment are crucial for achieving long-term impact.
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most pressing global health threats of the 21st century, jeopardizing the effective treatment of infectious diseases across humans, animals, and the environment. In livestock production, antimicrobials are widely used for therapeutic, prophylactic, and growth-promoting purposes. Therefore, th...
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Review Article
Role of Improved Forages in Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ruminant Livestock: A Review
Abebe Mosneh Wudu*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
93-101
Received:
31 July 2025
Accepted:
9 October 2025
Published:
12 November 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajz.20250804.13
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Livestock production is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), which are primarily generated through enteric fermentation and manure management. Methane alone is over 23 times more potent than carbon dioxide (CO2) in terms of global warming potential, making its reduction a critical target for climate change mitigation. This review explores the role of improved forage management as a sustainable strategy to reduce GHG emissions from ruminant livestock. Enhanced forage quality through the use of high-protein species, digestible silage, and legumes rich in plant secondary compounds such as tannins, saponins, essential oils, and flavonoids has demonstrated potential in mitigating CH4 production by altering rumen fermentation and reducing methanogenic activity. Additionally, incorporating alternative forage crops like Medicago sativa (lucerne), Plantago lanceolata (plantain), and Brachiaria spp. can improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce N2O emissions from excreta. Improved forage systems also contribute significantly to soil carbon sequestration, enhancing soil fertility and water retention while offsetting atmospheric CO2. By integrating these climate-smart forage practices, livestock systems can increase productivity and resilience while lowering their environmental footprint. The findings of this review highlight the critical importance of forage-based strategies in supporting global efforts to achieve methane reduction targets and promote sustainable livestock development.
Abstract: Livestock production is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), which are primarily generated through enteric fermentation and manure management. Methane alone is over 23 times more potent than carbon dioxide (CO2) in terms of global warming potential, making its reduct...
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Report
Multiplication and Distribution of Qorti’ Borana Heifers to Enhance the Production and Genetic Quality in Urban and Peri-Urban Communities of Borana Zone, Southern Oromia: On-Station
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
102-111
Received:
22 August 2025
Accepted:
23 September 2025
Published:
14 November 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajz.20250804.14
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: The Borana cattle breed is valued for its milk and meat production, hardiness in arid climates, and cultural importance among the Oromo Borana people. Its adaptability and productivity make it one of the most important indigenous cattle breeds in Africa, and a strong foundation for genetic improvement programs. This report presents the outcomes of a Borana heifer multiplication and distribution to the selected FSRP district program in the pastoralist areas of the Borana Zone, Oromia Region. The program aims to enhance milk production, genetic quality, and household income through targeted breeding, community-level multiplication centers, and structured distribution following a pass-on or technology distribution based on charging system of Borana heifer. As a result, 29 heifers were managed to be produced in on-station Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agriculture Research Center (YPDARC) during 2023 and 2024 breeding seasons and consequently, distributed to 8 households among which 2 were women in the first phase of distribution with health protocols followed national veterinary guidelines, including CBPP and FMD vaccinations. Results show that improved productivity, economic empowerment (especially for women), and growing community resilience in response to drought and livestock loss. The current market value of heifers in the zone was 45,000 ETB and sold milk 140 ETB/Lt. Therefore, The intervention was supported by Food Systems Resilience Programme (FSRP) for Eastern and Southern Africa, Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, IQQO to mitigate the current dairy product market crisis and animal genetic problems from September 2024 through July 2025 in the first phase.
Abstract: The Borana cattle breed is valued for its milk and meat production, hardiness in arid climates, and cultural importance among the Oromo Borana people. Its adaptability and productivity make it one of the most important indigenous cattle breeds in Africa, and a strong foundation for genetic improvement programs. This report presents the outcomes of ...
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