Abstract: Soil erosion is a major cause of land degradation worldwide, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. In Morocco, soil loss is the most prevalent form of land degradation. The Srou river basin, located in the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco, has been greatly affected by soil erosion due to physical and human factors. The basin is characterized by an arid and semi-arid climate, with high temperatures, low rainfall, and flash floods, making it particularly vulnerable to soil erosion. Furthermore, the soil is shallow and lacks proper protection from vegetation cover. Livestock and agriculture, mainly consisting of sheep and goats, are the dominant activities in the area. This study employs the rainfall erosivity index (RI) and GIS techniques to evaluate soil erosion in the Srou river basin during three representative years (1995, 1996, and 2010). The objective is to assess the temporal dynamics of soil erosion and its impact in this region. The results indicate that rainfall is irregular and often characterized by intense showers due to climate change. During wet years, the rainfall erosivity index is high, exceeding 200 in 1996 and 2010, while during the dry season of 1995, it was very low, less than 85.Abstract: Soil erosion is a major cause of land degradation worldwide, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. In Morocco, soil loss is the most prevalent form of land degradation. The Srou river basin, located in the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco, has been greatly affected by soil erosion due to physical and human factors. The basin is characterized...Show More
Abstract: Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) is a material that has the ability to memorize previous shapes after deforming. That is it regains its original shape when temperature increases, converting thermal energy to mechanical energy. This property of the plastic-like deformation which subsequently recovers its original shape is referred to as Shape Memory Effects (SMEs). The history of this material began in the year 1800s. Because of their unique behavior, SMA has great industrial applications. Many constituted models of SMA behavior are formed describing SMA behavior. Most of them are based on experimental phenomenological macroscopic constitutive models consisting of variables that reveal the degree of phase transition that describes the phenomenological macroscopic behavior of SMA. These types of models are very easy and the parameters are also very easy to determine. In this research, a constitutive model is formulated based on the obserbation of experimental data, the SMA behavior is simulated using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The phenomenological constitutive model comprises both mechanical and chemical change. In the parameter estimation, the Back-Progation (BP) algorithm and the nonlinear optimization algorithm are used. A numerical simulation is performed, and the phenomenological constitutive model captures well the uniaxial tension and compression experimental data, therefore the constitutive model is verified.
Abstract: Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) is a material that has the ability to memorize previous shapes after deforming. That is it regains its original shape when temperature increases, converting thermal energy to mechanical energy. This property of the plastic-like deformation which subsequently recovers its original shape is referred to as Shape Memory Effects...Show More
