The Inspection and Appraisal of the Yonghemen Structure of the Qing Dynasty in Beijing
Tao Zhang,
Dejie Du,
Dongqing Li,
Fuquan Xu,
Yongping Chen
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
56-66
Received:
12 October 2018
Accepted:
2 November 2018
Published:
5 December 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ija.20180602.11
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Abstract: Beijing has concentrated many of the excellent wooden structures of ancient architecture, but some of the ancient buildings are inevitably damaged by natural and human factors because of the time passed by. Therefore, the regular inspection of the wood condition and the analysis of the safety performance of the wooden structure have become an indispensable work for the protection of ancient architecture. The Lama Temple is an outstanding example of the wooden structure of ancient architecture in Beijing. This research introduces the inspection and appraisal of the Yonghemen, which is one of the buildings in the Lama Temple, representing this kind of structures. First, surveying and mapping of the structure were completed, and detailed investigation and measurement of the stress and deformation states of the bearing member and the primary node were carried out to check structural safety. Meanwhile, several nondestructive inspection technologies were adopted during testing. For instance, radar was used to detect the foundation, Impulse tomography and resistograph were used to detect the wood quality, and also a pulsating method for identifying dynamic parameters of structure was adopted. Finally, the safety of building was appraised and rated in the end of the research based on the above detection results. Moreover, some suggestions for future monitor and protection were put forward.
Abstract: Beijing has concentrated many of the excellent wooden structures of ancient architecture, but some of the ancient buildings are inevitably damaged by natural and human factors because of the time passed by. Therefore, the regular inspection of the wood condition and the analysis of the safety performance of the wooden structure have become an indis...
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The Death of William Leschallas, Illustrating Drawbacks to Official Documents and Skeletal Data to Estimate Prevalence for Syphilis or Cancer in 19th Century London
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
67-80
Received:
24 November 2018
Accepted:
17 December 2018
Published:
17 January 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ija.20180602.12
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Abstract: The combination of documentary evidence with skeletal analysis can reveal much about the prevalence of a condition from past times. Both types of evidence, however, have limitations. Using these data Cox published a study in 1996 of nearly 1,000 skeletons, dating from the 1700s to the 1850s, from Christ Church, Spitalfields in east London. Only two skeletons were reported to have lesions consistent with syphilis or 0.2% of this population, and a review of deaths caused by syphilis listed in bills of mortality for London gave a mortality rate of less than 0.5% for syphilis. Since both data sets are roughly consistent they appear to support Cox’s interpretation. Nevertheless, a restudy of William Leschallas’ cranium raised the first doubt to this low rate in this population. Furthermore, the Royal Commission on Venereal Disease stated in 1916 that the rate of congenital and acquired syphilis was not less than 10% of the population in cities. The aim of this study is to understand such discrepancies. This was done by re-examining Leschallas’ cranium and other skeletal data cited by Cox and Cox et al., as well as official documents and medical, legal, and religious texts to better estimate the prevalence of syphilis in 19th-century England. As a result, a review of these documents not only supports a prevalence of at least 10% for syphilis in early 20th-century London, but in the first half of the 19th century possibly over 50% of adult males believed they were infected with syphilis. Such a high perceived prevalence along with the social stigma of being infected with syphilis, and to a lesser extent cancers, led to the omission of syphilis from official documents. In regards to the lesions in Leschallas’ cranium diagnosed as trauma from gunshot wounds, all but one are consistent with syphilis, and possibly one lesion may be cancerous, allowing for the possibility that others in this skeletal population were also misdiagnosed, especially considering there was considerable post-mortem damage to many skeletons. Moreover, it has been estimated that only 1% to 20% of individuals suffering from syphilis will develop skeletal lesions, raising the possibility that syphilis was underestimated in this skeletal population. Thus, a better understanding of stigmas in past societies can be a valuable tool in evaluating the validity of documentary evidence and as an influence in estimating the prevalence of such a condition.
Abstract: The combination of documentary evidence with skeletal analysis can reveal much about the prevalence of a condition from past times. Both types of evidence, however, have limitations. Using these data Cox published a study in 1996 of nearly 1,000 skeletons, dating from the 1700s to the 1850s, from Christ Church, Spitalfields in east London. Only two...
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La Lluera I Cave (San Juan De Priorio, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain): Art and GIS of the More Figurative Areas or “Niche Areas” of a Sanctuary
Eugenio Aguilar Huergo,
José Adolfo Rodríguez Asensio
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
81-87
Received:
19 December 2018
Accepted:
9 January 2019
Published:
28 January 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ija.20180602.13
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Abstract: Since the beginning of the rock art until today, the study of prehistoric art has been done with different tools (drawings, photos, tracings, etc.). The study of the engravings in La Lluera I cave is a good example. Today, everything can be integrated into the appropriate tool: GIS. The engravings are the peculiarity to destroy a portion of the surface rock leaving a hole made with an object or even by hand. This hollow drawn in 3D is the sketch. It is known as sketch to the delineation that is formed with the design or plant of anything. The present study focuses on the more figurative areas or "zones niche" the cave of Lluera I: the niche (379 sketches), the entry´s horse (22 sketches) and the bison´s area (111 sketches). The creation of a 3D GIS of the sketches has been, thanks to the technical advantages posed by GIS, a revision to the art of these three areas, and a face wink to the future: GIS, thanks to augmented reality and interactivity, may be the best didactic support for a virtual visit.
Abstract: Since the beginning of the rock art until today, the study of prehistoric art has been done with different tools (drawings, photos, tracings, etc.). The study of the engravings in La Lluera I cave is a good example. Today, everything can be integrated into the appropriate tool: GIS. The engravings are the peculiarity to destroy a portion of the sur...
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