-
United Probabilistic Nature and Model of Chemical and Mechanical Reactions of Consecutive Destruction of Substance
Vitaliy Pavlovich Malyshev,
Astra Mundukovna Makasheva,
Yuliya Sergeevna Zubrina
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
42-47
Received:
8 October 2015
Accepted:
21 October 2015
Published:
31 October 2015
Abstract: Into development of mathematical methods of forecasting of grinding process materials based on different aspects of the application of systems theory, the authors propose to be likened to and summarize chemical and mechanical processes of sequential destruction of matter on the basis of a single probability of their nature. Expression for the rate of direct reaction of substances is opened taking into account sense of product of the mole fractions of reacting molecules as probabilities of their simultaneous presence at any point of reactionary space (a concentration factor Pconc), a steric factor of Pst – as probabilities of successful mutual orientation of molecules, an activation factor of Pa – as probabilities of overcoming of a power barrier of activation under the influence of the frequency of impacts of Z: V=Z∙Pconc∙ Pst ∙ Pа. Probabilistic representation of the rate of chemical reactions more directly reflects randomized the state of the reacting system and can be generalized to any of its variants, in particular, mechanical. This allowed us to consider the process of grinding material from new point of view, and moreover - to liken of its kinetics successive irreversible reactions to give the general expression for the output of the intermediates (fractions) at any time for any number of destruction stages. On this basis calculated the entropy of mixing of fractions and the dynamics of change corresponding to the log-normal distribution of fractions which known by data of practices.
Abstract: Into development of mathematical methods of forecasting of grinding process materials based on different aspects of the application of systems theory, the authors propose to be likened to and summarize chemical and mechanical processes of sequential destruction of matter on the basis of a single probability of their nature. Expression for the rate ...
Show More
-
Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Characteristics of Biofield Treated p-Chlorobenzophenone
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
Khemraj Bairwa,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
48-57
Received:
8 October 2015
Accepted:
19 October 2015
Published:
16 November 2015
Abstract: p-Chlorobenzophenone (p-CBP) is the important chemical intermediate used for the synthesis of several pharmaceutical drugs like fenofibrate, cetirizine, alprazolam, and benzodiazepine. The aim of this study was set to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of p-CBP. The study was accomplished in two groups i.e. control and treated. The treated group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. Subsequently, the control and treated samples of p-CBP were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, surface area analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis-derivative thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The XRD study exhibited the increase in average crystallite size (25.93%) as well as the intensity of XRD peaks of treated p-CBP, as compared to the control. The particle size analysis showed the reduction in particle size of fine particles (≤51.49 µm) by 21.6% (d10), whereas, increase in particle size of large particles (≥433.59 µm) by 12.82% (d90) and 17.71% (d99), respectively after biofield treatment, as compared to the control. The surface area analysis exhibited the surface area as 0.7005 m2/g in control and 0.7020 m2/g in treated sample of p-CBP. The DSC thermogram of treated p-CBP exhibited the slight decrease in melting temperature. However, the latent heat of fusion was significantly altered (24.90%) after biofield energy treatment as compared to the control. TGA analysis showed the weight loss by 57.36% in control and 58.51% in treated sample. In addition, the onset temperature of thermal degradation was also decreased by 6.32% after biofield energy treatment as compared to the control p-CBP. The FT-IR and UV spectroscopic study did not show the alteration in the wavenumber and wavelength, respectively in treated p-CBP as compared to the control. Altogether, the XRD, particle size and thermal analysis suggest that biofield energy treatment has significant impact on physical and thermal properties of treated p-CBP.
Abstract: p-Chlorobenzophenone (p-CBP) is the important chemical intermediate used for the synthesis of several pharmaceutical drugs like fenofibrate, cetirizine, alprazolam, and benzodiazepine. The aim of this study was set to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of p-CBP. The study was accomplishe...
Show More
-
Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia
Adane Desta,
Almaz Ataklti
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
58-64
Received:
27 August 2015
Accepted:
8 September 2015
Published:
16 November 2015
Abstract: This study was conducted with the objective of determining the quantity of selected essential and nonessential metals; Co, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn and K in the leaf and supporting soil of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk). Samples of three Khat types (Konso, Gidole and Koyra) and soils from their root zone collected from three different sites in southern Ethiopia region were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. K in soil and Khat sample were also determined by flame atomic emission spectroscopy. Known weight of oven-dried Khat samples were wet-digested using 2 mL of (69–72%) HNO3 and 2 mL of (70%) HClO4 for 130 min at variable temperatures (120–268 °C). Soil was digested by the procedure, 0.5 g samples of soil were digested with concentrated nitric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, using Kjeldahl digestion block under reflux condenser for 3 h at 300 °C. Both the edible portion of khat leaves and the soils of the study farms showed similar accumulation patterns to some extent, in their contents of the studied macro and micronutrients. Regression analysis and pearson correlation (r) results show a positive correlation Coffecient (R2) values ranging from 0.281 up to 0.991 and for pearson correlation (r) values ranging from 0.244-0.951. Although regressions based on the pooled data from the three Khat types are not adequately correlated with total metal soil levels, better fits were obtained when regression models were used for Konso Khat separately. However, no strong correlations between the leaves and other variables are evident except for Ca and Mg metal contents which have r values of 0.971 and 0.991 respectively with (p<0.01) levels. The concentrations of the metals were also compared with recommended maximum permissible limits and some international reports.
Abstract: This study was conducted with the objective of determining the quantity of selected essential and nonessential metals; Co, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn and K in the leaf and supporting soil of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk). Samples of three Khat types (Konso, Gidole and Koyra) and soils from their root zone collected from three different sites in sou...
Show More
-
Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Isotopic Abundance of 13C, 2H, or 15N in Biofield Energy Treated Aminopyridine Derivatives
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
Gunin Saikia,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
65-70
Received:
26 October 2015
Accepted:
26 November 2015
Published:
22 December 2015
Abstract: 2-Aminopyridine (2-AP) and 2,6-diaminopyridine (2,6-DAP) are two derivatives of aminopyridines that act as an important organic intermediates, mostly used in medicines, dyes and organic sensors. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on isotopic abundance ratios of 2H/1H, 13C/12C, or 15N/14N, in aminopyridine derivatives using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The 2-AP and 2,6-DAP samples were divided into two parts: control and treated. The control sample remained as untreated, while the treated sample was further divided into four groups as T1, T2, T3, and T4. The treated group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. The GC-MS spectra of 2-AP and 2,6-DAP showed five and six m/z peaks respectively due to the molecular ion peak and fragmented peaks of aminopyridine derivatives. The isotopic abundance ratio of 2H/1H, 13C/12C, or 15N/14N were calculated for both the derivatives and significant alteration was found in the treated samples as compared to the respective control. The isotopic abundance ratio of 2H/1H, 13C/12C, or 15N/14N in treated samples of 2-AP was decreased by 55.83% in T1 and significantly increased by 202.26% in T4. However, in case of 2,6-DAP, the isotopic abundance ratio of 2H/1H, 13C/12C, and 15N/14N, in the treated sample showed a significant increase (up to 370.54% in T3) with respect to the control. GC-MS data suggested that the biofield energy treatment on aminopyridine derivatives had significantly altered the isotopic abundance of 2H, 13C, or 15N in the treated 2-AP and 2,6-DAP as compared to the control.
Abstract: 2-Aminopyridine (2-AP) and 2,6-diaminopyridine (2,6-DAP) are two derivatives of aminopyridines that act as an important organic intermediates, mostly used in medicines, dyes and organic sensors. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on isotopic abundance ratios of 2H/1H, 13C/12C, or 15N/14N, in aminopyridine d...
Show More
