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Angular Correlations of Particle Momentum in the Hot Dense Medium
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2018
Pages:
142-146
Received:
23 September 2018
Accepted:
19 October 2018
Published:
21 December 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpa.20180606.11
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Abstract: The early universe consists of element particles such as quarks and gluons after the big bang. Understanding their interactions is crucial for the physics, especially their interaction strength: do they behave like a gas or like water? A lot of experiments and theoretical calculations have been performed in labs, using different particles to study the properties of the early universe. Luckily, scientists can create this state of matter on earth by proton-proton collisions (or nucleus-nucleus collisions). As this matter produced in the particle collisions last only a very short of time ~ fm/c where c is the speed of light. How to probe this medium becomes difficult? This work suggests that people can study the momentum correlations between particles moving in the opposite direction in the hot medium. If the early universe is a STRONGLY coupled medium, then the medium will change both particles’ momentum. After they move out of the hot medium, their momentum angular is NOT pi anymore. In summary, the hot medium random interactions will change the momentum angular between two particles even their initial momentum is in the opposite direction. This work employs the Langevin equation to simulate their evolutions in the hot medium, and get good results.
Abstract: The early universe consists of element particles such as quarks and gluons after the big bang. Understanding their interactions is crucial for the physics, especially their interaction strength: do they behave like a gas or like water? A lot of experiments and theoretical calculations have been performed in labs, using different particles to study ...
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The First Law of Thermodynamics in Vector Form and Convective Heat Transfer
Davidzon Mikhail Yosifovich
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2018
Pages:
147-153
Received:
13 November 2018
Accepted:
4 December 2018
Published:
25 December 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpa.20180606.12
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Abstract: Nowadays most of the practical calculations and theoretical findings in convective heat transfer amount to determining heat transfer coefficient (a coefficient of proportionality between surface density of the heat flux and temperature difference between the wall and the heated medium). An expression that includes heat transfer coefficient is called Newton’s law of cooling. The purpose of this study is to show that Newton’s law of cooling is not consistent with the first law of thermodynamics, and the study proves it using a new, vector form of the first law of thermodynamics, along with the more traditional scalar form. The study also offers a new analytically obtained expression for calculating surface density of the heat flux, and shows that it is not consistent with the Newton’s law of cooling. It also shows that Fourier’s thermal conduction law is a consequence of the first law of thermodynamics in vector form, and that Fourier-Richmann’s law of cooling and Newton’s law of cooling do not agree with the first law of thermodynamics. The results of this study can be used in engineering calculations for heat-using devices, as well as in a theoretical research. Additionally, the study suggests a new possible way to derive a nonlinear energy equation – by using vector form of the first law of thermodynamics. If previously obtained nonlinear Navier-Stokes equation is added to this nonlinear energy equation, a system of nonlinear equations could be obtained to correctly describe theory and practice of convective heat exchange, introducing completely new methods for calculating convective heat exchange (without using traditional heat transfer coefficients and laws of cooling).
Abstract: Nowadays most of the practical calculations and theoretical findings in convective heat transfer amount to determining heat transfer coefficient (a coefficient of proportionality between surface density of the heat flux and temperature difference between the wall and the heated medium). An expression that includes heat transfer coefficient is calle...
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Improving Corrosion Resistance of Co Using Silane Coupling Treatment in Neutral Solution
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2018
Pages:
154-161
Received:
30 October 2018
Accepted:
21 November 2018
Published:
15 January 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpa.20180606.13
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Abstract: Many products using a magnetic property, a mechanical property and chemical property of the thin metal film of the nm order are developing in the great many fields. The establishment of technology for corrosion prevention under nm level or the atom level is necessary to control corrosion without losing the characteristic of these products. In this study, surface treatments using BTSE, BTSPA, and BTSPS were evaluated from the viewpoint of improving the corrosion resistance of thin cobalt films. Corrosion behavior was evaluated corrosion current density using Tafel plots. Treated cobalt films were characterized by XPS and observed by SEM and AFM. A silane-coupling layer formed on the cobalt as a result of each of these treatments. However, the corrosion resistances offered by the different layers varied significantly. Immersion in BTSE with hydrogen peroxide for one hour did not yield an improvement, whereas immersion for 24 hours resulted in a large improvement. In contrast, immersion in BTSPA with hydrogen peroxide for 24 hours did not lead to a corrosion improvement, whereas immersion for one hour provided corrosion resistance. Immersion in BTSPS with hydrogen peroxide for either amount of time yielded no improvement, because of the poor coherency of the deposit on cobalt. These behaviors can be explained in terms of the hard and soft acid-base principle.
Abstract: Many products using a magnetic property, a mechanical property and chemical property of the thin metal film of the nm order are developing in the great many fields. The establishment of technology for corrosion prevention under nm level or the atom level is necessary to control corrosion without losing the characteristic of these products. In this ...
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Study on Application of Waste Heat Recovery in Ammonia Refrigerator
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2018
Pages:
162-168
Received:
5 November 2018
Accepted:
8 December 2018
Published:
15 January 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpa.20180606.14
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Abstract: Large ammonia chillers are widely used in the food production industry. Ammonia refrigerators generate a large amount of exhaust heat energy while cooling work. Traditionally, these exhaust heat energy is used as waste heat and discharged to the atmosphere through a condenser cooling fan. In this paper, the exhaust heat energy of ammonia refrigerator is analyzed. The exhaust energy is divided into two parts: sensible heat and latent heat. The sensible heat energy recovery and latent heat energy recovery and utilization schemes are studied respectively, and a aquatic product processing in Qingdao area is selected. The enterprise carried out the actual chiller heat recovery and recovery test. After three years of actual operation, the results show that the ammonia chiller exhaust heat energy and sensible heat recovery can obtain 40-70 degrees hot water for employee bathing and Production of sanitary cleaning, etc., and the cost of heat recovery is almost zero; the latent heat is partially recovered, the cooling water of the ammonia refrigerator is used as the water source, and the heat source is used to extract heat energy from the cooling water. The unit operates in winter, is not affected by the ambient temperature, and the heating efficiency is not Will decay, the energy efficiency ratio is maintained at more than 5 times.
Abstract: Large ammonia chillers are widely used in the food production industry. Ammonia refrigerators generate a large amount of exhaust heat energy while cooling work. Traditionally, these exhaust heat energy is used as waste heat and discharged to the atmosphere through a condenser cooling fan. In this paper, the exhaust heat energy of ammonia refrigerat...
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Intermolecular Hydrogen Bond in Acetic Acid Solutions. Raman Spectra and ab initio Calculations
Khakim Khushvaktov,
Abduvakhid Jumabaev,
Valeriy Pogorelov,
Ulugbek Tashkenbaev,
Akhmad Absanov,
Gayrat Sharifov,
Barno Amrullaeva
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2018
Pages:
169-174
Received:
7 December 2018
Accepted:
20 December 2018
Published:
15 January 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpa.20180606.15
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Abstract: C=O vibrational bands of various aggregated formations of pure acetic acid in the Raman spectra have different values of the depolarization ratio. Ab initio calculations using the Gaussian 98 W program in the Hartree-Fock approximation with the basic set of Gaussian functions RHF 6-31G++(d, p) show that this is how it should be. Thus, the formation of aggregates from molecules leads not only to a change in the dipole moment of the molecules, but also to a change in the bond polarizability tensor. Calculations according to this program showed that one of the hydrogen atoms of CH3 group of acetonitrile can participate in the intermolecular hydrogen bond. This can lead to the formation of closed acetonitrile-acetic acid dimers. However, a comparison of the calculated and experimental data shows that in the case of acid-acetonitrile molecules, the H-bond is formed in the direction of the elongation –О-Н…N of acetonitrile molecules. The activity of one of the hydrogen atoms of the CH3 group of acetonitrile leads to the formation of closed dimeric aggregates in pure acetonitrile with a shift of the СN band of acetonitrile towards lower frequencies. The low-frequency asymmetry of СN acetonitrile band in the Raman spectra is associated with the presence of such aggregates in liquid acetonitrile.
Abstract: C=O vibrational bands of various aggregated formations of pure acetic acid in the Raman spectra have different values of the depolarization ratio. Ab initio calculations using the Gaussian 98 W program in the Hartree-Fock approximation with the basic set of Gaussian functions RHF 6-31G++(d, p) show that this is how it should be. Thus, the formation...
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