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Research Article
Slipping of a Spherical Particle Through Peristaltic Curved Tube Filled with Non-newtonian Nanofluid
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
1-28
Received:
8 July 2025
Accepted:
26 January 2026
Published:
9 February 2026
Abstract: The slow motion of a solid spherical particle which is immersed in a non-Newtonian nanofluid and flowing through a curved peristaltic channel is studied. The more important physical application of this type of motion is the motion of clots through blood arteries and the motion gallstones in the bile duct. The biviscosity model is applied to represent the rheological property of the non-Newtonian fluid. Also, the biviscosity model is one of the most important models that can be considers to describe rheological properties of the blood flow and the other biological fluids in the human body. Also, the flow motion in the blood vessels and other vital vessels undergo peristaltic movement. So, this type of motion has many medical and biological applications. In the mathematical treatment, due to the symmetry of the flow channel, the stress tensor components of the biviscosity model are obtained twice. Firstly, in the polar coordinates due to the curvature of the channel. Secondly, due to the spherical coordinates for the spherical motion of the particle to obtain the general form of the stream function which represents the flow motion. The peristaltic motion is studied generally without the ordinary longwave approximation and without assuming the small value of Reynolds number. This gives more generalization to the results. The most important factor in this type of motion is the drag force that effect on the spherical body (clot or stone) motion in the vessel. So, the problem is solved analytically, and the drag force is obtained numerically. Also, the heat and the volume fraction distributions are obtained. The results illustrate that the existence of the nanoparticles reduces the drag force, which contributes to increasing the sliding motion of the spherical particle and contributes on removing the blood clot and stone through the vital vessel. Some other important parameters, which effects on the motion, are considered such as the radius ratio, curvature parameter, the wave speed, the wave amplitude, and the slip parameter. The results illustrated that the increase of the fluid viscosity enhances the friction force. Meanwhile, the Brownian motion of the nanoparticles enhances the flow motion which intern enhances the slipping motion of the particle.
Abstract: The slow motion of a solid spherical particle which is immersed in a non-Newtonian nanofluid and flowing through a curved peristaltic channel is studied. The more important physical application of this type of motion is the motion of clots through blood arteries and the motion gallstones in the bile duct. The biviscosity model is applied to represe...
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Research Article
A Systematic Literature Review: Quantum Key Distribution Networks: Challenges and Future Research Issues in Security
Abel Channie Demeke*
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
29-35
Received:
22 December 2025
Accepted:
13 January 2026
Published:
9 February 2026
Abstract: With the rapid advancement of quantum computing, traditional cryptographic techniques are at risk of devolution, necessitating quantum-resilient alternatives for future communication networks. This systematic literature review evaluates the role of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) in enhancing the security of sixth-generation (6G) wireless communications. Employing the PRISMA methodology, 48 peer-reviewed studies published between 2016 and May 2025 were identified and analyzed. The review addresses three key research questions: the identification of QKD protocols applicable to 6G, challenges in their integration, and proposed solutions for seamless deployment. Findings reveal that protocols such as BB84, E91, CV-QKD, and MDI-QKD, transmitted via optical fiber and satellite channels, offer promising security guarantees. This review concludes that while QKD can significantly strengthen 6G communications against quantum threats, further interdisciplinary efforts in hardware development, standardization, and pilot implementations are essential. The study offers valuable insights for researchers, engineers, and policymakers working toward secure, quantum-resistant future networks. The study follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to ensure transparency, rigor, and reproducibility. A comprehensive search was conducted across major scientific databases, including IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and arXiv, using well-defined keywords and Boolean search strategies related to QKD, 6G networks, and quantum communication security. After removing duplicates and applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 48 peer-reviewed studies published between 2016 and May 2025 were selected for detailed analysis. The selected literature was systematically classified to address three primary research questions: (i) identification of QKD protocols and technologies applicable to 6G networks, (ii) challenges hindering the integration of QKD into 6G architectures, and (iii) solutions and frameworks proposed to facilitate practical deployment. The findings reveal that prominent QKD protocols, including BB84, E91, Continuous-Variable QKD (CV-QKD), and Measurement-Device-Independent QKD (MDI-QKD), demonstrate strong potential for securing 6G communications when deployed over optical fiber and satellite-based channels. However, practical integration faces significant challenges such as scalability limitations, synchronization issues, quantum channel coexistence with classical networks, hardware complexity, and high deployment costs. The review further highlights emerging solutions that leverage Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV), blockchain-based key management, and hybrid classical-quantum security architectures to overcome these obstacles. Ongoing standardization efforts by organizations such as NIST, ETSI, and ITU-T are also identified as critical enablers for real-world adoption .
Abstract: With the rapid advancement of quantum computing, traditional cryptographic techniques are at risk of devolution, necessitating quantum-resilient alternatives for future communication networks. This systematic literature review evaluates the role of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) in enhancing the security of sixth-generation (6G) wireless communicat...
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Research Article
Lightweight Thermal-protective Materials Based on Foamed Vermiculite: Physical and Chemical Properties, Production Technologies
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
36-42
Received:
24 January 2026
Accepted:
3 February 2026
Published:
24 February 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sdp.20260101.13
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Views:
Abstract: Expanded vermiculite is a natural layered silicate material that, due to its high porosity, low bulk density, and low thermal conductivity, is considered a highly promising filler for the production of lightweight and energy-efficient building materials. These unique physical and structural characteristics make vermiculite particularly suitable for applications where thermal insulation, weight reduction, and energy savings are critical requirements. This paper comprehensively examines the mineralogical composition of expanded vermiculite, its thermomechanical behavior under different temperature conditions, and its functional role when incorporated into construction mixtures. Special attention is given to evaluating the effectiveness of vermiculite as a thermal insulation component and its overall contribution to improving the energy efficiency of modern buildings. At the present stage of development, deepening economic reforms in the construction sector of our Republic is of great importance in order to achieve tangible and sustainable results. This requires the implementation of effective measures aimed at increasing economic efficiency, reducing production costs, and ensuring the wide and productive use of local raw materials in the manufacture of energy-efficient construction materials. In addition, the rational and complete recycling of waste generated by various industrial sectors is becoming an essential component of sustainable development in the construction industry. These priorities highlight the need for innovative material solutions that combine technical performance with economic and environmental benefits. One of the most pressing economic and technological challenges today is the production of high-quality building materials using energy-saving, efficient, and resource-conserving technologies during production, development, and continuous improvement processes. In this context, particular attention is paid to the development of ultra-lightweight, energy-efficient, and durable concrete products. One of the key objectives addressed in this study is the production of high-quality concrete blocks based on expanded vermiculite and low-water cement systems. Such materials have the potential to significantly reduce structural weight, enhance thermal performance, and improve overall energy efficiency, while maintaining the required strength and durability characteristics for modern construction applications.
Abstract: Expanded vermiculite is a natural layered silicate material that, due to its high porosity, low bulk density, and low thermal conductivity, is considered a highly promising filler for the production of lightweight and energy-efficient building materials. These unique physical and structural characteristics make vermiculite particularly suitable for...
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Research Article
A New Approach to Calculating the Binding Energy of Molecules from Electron Density by Thermodynamic Formalization
Yong Myong Ri,
Tok Hui Ri,
Hak Sung Yun,
Guk Chol Kim,
Won Guk Ri,
Tong Il Kim*
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
43-50
Received:
27 November 2025
Accepted:
19 December 2025
Published:
25 February 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sdp.20260101.14
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: There are many approaches to molecular energy calculations, and there are still no methods to calculate the binding energy of a molecule accurately. Also, in considering molecules, all processes are actually performed at finite temperatures. And the process of molecular formation is a process of increasing the binding energy of a molecule, and if the molecule is considered as a thermodynamic system, it is also possible to think of the physical quantity that determines the direction of the spontaneous process. This paper propose a new approach to calculating the binding energy of a molecule by examining the relationship between the electron density and binding energy and about the thermodynamic formalization of molecule. From the calculated value by Gaussian09w (HF, 6-31g) simulation of 100 molecules of 10 species and the binding energy in some literatures, the correlation was derived and confirmed that two parameters are given for each species. It was found that the binding energy of a water molecule can be calculated, in particular. Also the molecular free energy is conceptualized where the value can be index of molecular formation and molecular optimization process. This theory, together with the potential well theory in quantum mechanics, can serve as a basis for explaining the phenomenon that for molecules with the same chemical structure formula, higher energy molecules exist more stably.
Abstract: There are many approaches to molecular energy calculations, and there are still no methods to calculate the binding energy of a molecule accurately. Also, in considering molecules, all processes are actually performed at finite temperatures. And the process of molecular formation is a process of increasing the binding energy of a molecule, and if t...
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Case Report
Geometric-Physical Coordinate Framework of Phenomena-Time in Open Systems with L-Balance Axis Constraint
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
51-61
Received:
6 January 2026
Accepted:
31 January 2026
Published:
25 February 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sdp.20260101.15
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Mathematical models used in hydrology, physics, chemistry, and many engineering systems are largely based on empirical or semi-empirical relationships. One fundamental reason for this is that classical coordinate systems—whether Cartesian or relativistic spacetime—are inherently incapable of representing the laws of conservation in open systems. These frameworks describe the instantaneous state of quantities, but do not inherently incorporate the flow, input–output balance, and irreversible nature of processes into their geometric structure. In this paper, a new geometric–physical framework for modeling open systems is introduced, based on a four-dimensional manifold with a structural axis of equilibrium L and the phenomenon–time law. In this framework, the conserved quantities are not simply described by spatiotemporal coordinates, but their evolution path, input flow, and equilibrium state are represented explicitly along the L-axis. Thus, the conservation law is applied directly to the geometry of the system state space, not as an external constraint. The proposed framework separates the dynamics of open systems into three general components: initial irreversible acceptance, two-way equilibrium acceptance, and residual phenomena. The geometric-physical coordinate framework introduces an analytical tool for the geometric representation and structural comparison of the behavior of open systems under known non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Unlike conventional empirical approaches, the present framework allows for the analytical determination of capacities, equilibrium thresholds, and limit behaviors of the system without heavy reliance on experimental calibration. The results show that the phenomenon-time law can be used as a unified geometric foundation for modeling open systems under survival laws and provides a coherent platform for theoretical analysis, dynamic simulation, and interdisciplinary generalization.
Abstract: Mathematical models used in hydrology, physics, chemistry, and many engineering systems are largely based on empirical or semi-empirical relationships. One fundamental reason for this is that classical coordinate systems—whether Cartesian or relativistic spacetime—are inherently incapable of representing the laws of conservation in open systems. Th...
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