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Research Article
Evaluation of ATP Bioluminescence Compared to Colony Counting Method for Measuring Cleanliness and Disinfection Efficiency of Different Surfaces
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
53-58
Received:
26 March 2026
Accepted:
8 April 2026
Published:
23 April 2026
Abstract: Prompt evaluation of cleanliness and disinfection efficacy is significant for on-site scenarios. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay is effective for hygiene evaluation, while the ATP relative light unit (RLU) differs from various surfaces. This study compared the effectiveness of ATP bioluminescence assay and colony counting method in evaluating the cleanliness and disinfection efficiency on different surfaces, and to explore the feasibility of on-site ATP evaluation. Evaluation of disinfection efficiency was conducted in the laboratory floor by disinfecting 900 mg/L chlorine disinfectant for 30 min, and the ATP RLU and the total bacterial colonies were detected before and after disinfection. On-site sampling and detection of ATP and total bacterial colonies were performed on the surface and floor of the food processing workshop. Following the disinfection with chlorine disinfectant, the killing ratio of natural bacterial colonies and the elimination ratio of ATP RLU decreased by 90.52% and 86.87% respectively. Spearman rank-correlation analysis indicated that ATP RLU exhibited a positive correlation with colony forming unit (CFU). The ATP RLU of the tables and floors in the workshop were within the ranges of (14 - 849)/100 cm² and (131 - 8437)/100 cm² respectively, and the total bacterial colonies were within the ranges of (0 - 200) CFU/100 cm² and (30 - 800) CFU/100 cm² respectively. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that there was no linear correlation between Log RLU and Log CFU on the tables, whereas a linear positive correlation was detected for the floor samples. The decrease ratio of ATP RLU was consistent to the total colony count for disinfection, but the relationship was intricate in the cleanliness evaluation within the workshop. The two methods may be integrated comprehensively to evaluate the cleanliness and disinfection of surface.
Abstract: Prompt evaluation of cleanliness and disinfection efficacy is significant for on-site scenarios. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay is effective for hygiene evaluation, while the ATP relative light unit (RLU) differs from various surfaces. This study compared the effectiveness of ATP bioluminescence assay and colony counting method ...
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Research Article
Microbiological and Sensory Profile of Palm Kernel Oil Produced in Benin
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
59-67
Received:
7 April 2026
Accepted:
20 April 2026
Published:
12 May 2026
Abstract: In Benin, palm kernel oil is used for various purposes, including food, cosmetic, and medicinal applications. However, artisanal production processes raise concerns about the microbiological quality of these oils and may influence their sensory characteristics, thereby questioning consumer safety. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and sensory quality of palm kernel oils produced using different processing technologies in Benin. To achieve this, oil samples from three different technologies were considered: modern technology with kernel roasting (MT), modern technology with solar drying (MS), and semi-traditional technology (ST). A total of eighty-one palm kernel oil samples were aseptically collected from high-production areas and analyzed using standard methods. Data were processed using Excel 2016 and R 4.4.2 by calculating means and standard deviations, followed by comparisons using ANOVA and the Student–Newman–Keuls test (P < 0.05). The analyzed palm kernel oils were free from major pathogens (Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus), confirming their microbiological safety. However, aerobic mesophilic bacteria (1.58×10³–5×10⁴ CFU/g), total coliforms (0.92×102–2.37×102 CFU/g), and yeasts/molds (up to 2.8×102 CFU/g) exceeded acceptable limits, and the presence of Staphylococcus spp. (1.5×10¹–2.0×10¹ CFU/g) suggests contamination related to handling, storage, or drying conditions. Sensory evaluation revealed that the semi-traditional technology (ST) best preserves aroma, taste, and overall acceptability, whereas roasting (MT) alters the organoleptic profile. These findings highlight the need to optimize hygiene practices and processing methods to ensure optimal microbiological and sensory quality, thereby guaranteeing the safety and acceptability of the oils produced.
Abstract: In Benin, palm kernel oil is used for various purposes, including food, cosmetic, and medicinal applications. However, artisanal production processes raise concerns about the microbiological quality of these oils and may influence their sensory characteristics, thereby questioning consumer safety. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mic...
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Research Article
Microbiological Safety of Ijebu Garri (Fermented Manihot esculenta Crantz Flour) Produced and Sold in Abeokuta Metropolis, Nigeria and Its Public Health Implications
Annabella Ademuyiwa Adewunmi*
,
Nifemi Paul Sanyaolu
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
68-75
Received:
28 April 2026
Accepted:
9 May 2026
Published:
18 May 2026
Abstract: Garri is a fermented cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) product which is widely consumed as staple in Nigeria and West Africa. Cassava processing into garri in Nigeria lack quality control. Also, during sales in the markets, garri is displayed in open basins and as a result they are exposed to contamination with dust and microorganisms. The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological safety of Ijebu garri sold in Abeokuta metropolis, Ogun State, Nigeria. Three hundred (300) grams of Ijebu garri was purchased from three major markets in Abeokuta metropolis namely; Lafenwa, Kuto and Itoku markets. Samples were purchased from 10 traders within each market using random sampling. These samples were pooled into a composite per market resulting in 3 composite samples. One (1) gram from each sample was used for fungal and bacteria isolation. Five (5) grams of the sample was sent for complete mycotoxin analysis using LC-MS/MS technique. The total mold counts in garri samples were: 2.5 x 104 CFU/mL (Lafenwa); 6.0 × 103 CFU/mL (Itokun), and 4.0 × 104 CFU/mL (Kuto). No bacteria colony was isolated from garri. Molecular analyses and characterization identified the presence of toxigenic fungi namely Penicillium spp. (2), Penicillium singorense (3), and Curvularia lunata (3). Mycotoxin results showed all mycotoxins analyzed were less than reporting limits (<RL). The presence of mycotoxigenic fungi in garri suggests a potential public health risks as these can produce multi-mycotoxins under favorable conditions during storage, market display and distribution, which can lead to mycotoxicosis, organ failures, and cancers in humans and animals on consumption.
Abstract: Garri is a fermented cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) product which is widely consumed as staple in Nigeria and West Africa. Cassava processing into garri in Nigeria lack quality control. Also, during sales in the markets, garri is displayed in open basins and as a result they are exposed to contamination with dust and microorganisms. The aim of ...
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Research Article
Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Clinical Samples in Niamey, Niger
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
76-84
Received:
22 May 2026
Accepted:
8 June 2026
Published:
26 June 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20261102.14
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Abstract: Background: Salmonella spp. are leading causes of gastroenteritis and typhoid fever worldwide, with hospital-acquired infections posing significant clinical challenges. The emergence of antibiotic resistance among clinical isolates has been increasingly recognized as a major contributor to treatment failure in affected patients. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella spp. isolated from clinical specimens at the National Hospital of Niamey, Niger. Method: Stool and blood samples were collected from patients presenting with clinical signs of enteric fever or gastroenteritis. Salmonella spp. was identified via standard microbiological methods, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed via the disk diffusion method on Mueller‒Hinton agar in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was confirmed by a double-disk synergy test, which assessed the enhancement of inhibition zones between amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and third-generation cephalosporins. Results: Seventy-seven Salmonella isolates were recovered, yielding an overall prevalence of 2.55%. The majority of the isolates (80.52%) were obtained from children under 5 years of age. High resistance rates were observed against amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (79% each). Multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥3 antibiotic classes) was detected in 25.97% of the isolates, whereas 35% were resistant to at least two antibiotics. Notably, 5.19% of the isolates were confirmed as ESBL-producing strains. Conclusion: These findings highlight the significant burden of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp., including ESBL producers, in the clinical setting of Niamey. The high prevalence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics underscores the urgent need for enhanced antimicrobial resistance surveillance, rational antibiotic use, and infection control strategies to curb the spread of resistant strains in healthcare and community environments.
Abstract: Background: Salmonella spp. are leading causes of gastroenteritis and typhoid fever worldwide, with hospital-acquired infections posing significant clinical challenges. The emergence of antibiotic resistance among clinical isolates has been increasingly recognized as a major contributor to treatment failure in affected patients. Objective: This stu...
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