Increase Product Quality for a Car-Wash Shampoo Concentrate
Hebah Abdel-Wahab,
Tamara Gund
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
31-35
Received:
27 July 2022
Accepted:
11 August 2022
Published:
24 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajaic.20220602.11
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Abstract: The market for vehicle cleaning products in Western Europe has approached a value of $400 million dollars in 2007. Domestic and industrial automated cleaning of vehicles can include four main steps, pre-wash, main wash, rinse, and drying besides the manual cleaning of domestic vehicles. The objective of this work is to find chemical compounds and additives that would increase the quality of the car wash shampoo concentrate, exclude chemical compounds that would decrease the quality of the current formulation, and make 1L of concentrate dilute to 500L for its use and distribution. It has been found that the amount of surfactants used in the current formulation is low compared to the amounts used in references, the solvents used in the current formulation are humectants and are only used in personal care products not in car wash shampoos, and some chemical compounds that would make high quality car wash shampoos are missing from the current formulation lowering its quality: emulsifying/foaming agents (3%), some builders (5%), and solvents that would dissolve grease are missing from the current formulation (4%). For a Liter of concentrate dilute to 500L, the amount of builders, solvents and surfactants must be increased to 1 ½ and the amount of water must be decreased to ½.
Abstract: The market for vehicle cleaning products in Western Europe has approached a value of $400 million dollars in 2007. Domestic and industrial automated cleaning of vehicles can include four main steps, pre-wash, main wash, rinse, and drying besides the manual cleaning of domestic vehicles. The objective of this work is to find chemical compounds and a...
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Spontaneous Combustion Mechanism and Influencing Factors of Sulfur Corrosion Products in Petroleum Refining Equipment
Jiancun Gao,
Shaokang Jia,
Qin Xu,
Siyuan Wu,
Hongbin Sui
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
36-46
Received:
28 July 2022
Accepted:
11 August 2022
Published:
24 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajaic.20220602.12
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Abstract: With the continuous development of China's economy, the demand for petroleum energy continues to rise. High sulfur crude oil leads to the formation of sulfur corrosion products in petroleum refining equipment and its spontaneous combustion hazard seriously threatens the safety production in the petrochemical field. To explore spontaneous combustion of the sulfur corrosion products in oil refining equipment, the formation of sulfur corrosion products and its preparing method were described in detail. And the spontaneous combustion characteristics and its influencing factors were interpreted and the current relevant prevention and control technology of sulfur corrosion products spontaneous combustion was classified. The results show that the spontaneous combustion of sulfur corrosion products can be divided into three stages. The spontaneous combustion characteristics of sulfur corrosion products are simulated under working conditions. The prevention and control technology can be divided into raw material desulfurization, equipment anti-corrosion, corrosion monitoring and industrial prevention and treatment. Influencing factors are divided into product properties and external environments. Based on the properties of sulfur corrosion products, the influencing factors include particle size, moisture content and vulcanization mode. In terms of the external environment, the influencing factors include air flow, oxygen concentration, ambient temperature, heating rate and oil products. It provides a theoretical basis for solving the spontaneous combustion of sulfur corrosion products in petroleum refining equipment.
Abstract: With the continuous development of China's economy, the demand for petroleum energy continues to rise. High sulfur crude oil leads to the formation of sulfur corrosion products in petroleum refining equipment and its spontaneous combustion hazard seriously threatens the safety production in the petrochemical field. To explore spontaneous combustion...
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Investigation on Removal of Gossypol from Aqueous Solutions Using Cottonseed Cakes: Batch Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies
Yowe Kidwe,
Abia Daouda,
Tcheka Constant,
Domga,
Domga Richard,
Harouna Massai
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
47-56
Received:
9 October 2022
Accepted:
8 November 2022
Published:
16 November 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajaic.20220602.13
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Abstract: This work consists of recovering cottonseed cakes by adsorption of gossypol which is a polyphenolic and extremely toxic pigment found in certain effluents such as those from the oil mill of the cotton development company. However, experimental and practical adsorption tests have shown that the equilibrium time is established after 10 minutes with the initial concentration of 50 mg.L-1, the same mass of 0.1 g for the biosorbent and the activated carbon based on this agricultural waste, the temperature of the reaction medium of 65 °C and the pH equal to 12. The phenomenon of adsorption of gossypol on these adsorbents is therefore perfectly described by the kinetics of the pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir isotherm model with high correlation coefficients. It was also noted in this work that all the values obtained on the activated carbon are high compared to those obtained on the raw biosorbent. These results would confirm the release of other new adsorption sites by the effect of physico-chemical activation with phosphoric acid. The thermodynamic parameters relating to the adsorbent-adsorbate system indicate that the adsorption of gossypol on adsorbents based on cottonseed cakes occurs spontaneously, unordered and with release of heat (exothermic).
Abstract: This work consists of recovering cottonseed cakes by adsorption of gossypol which is a polyphenolic and extremely toxic pigment found in certain effluents such as those from the oil mill of the cotton development company. However, experimental and practical adsorption tests have shown that the equilibrium time is established after 10 minutes with t...
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Non- Halogenated, Non-Combustible, Non-Electrically Conductive, and Commercially Available Fluids
Hebah Abdel-Wahab,
Tamara Gund
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
57-62
Received:
26 November 2022
Accepted:
15 December 2022
Published:
29 December 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajaic.20220602.14
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Abstract: Liquids can be flammable, combustible or can be neither flammable nor combustible liquids. Liquids with flash points below 100 F, 37.8 degree Celsius are flammable liquids. Liquids with flash points at or above 100°F, 37.8 degree Celsius are known to be combustible liquids. The lower the flash point is the higher the flammability of the liquid. Some solutions and liquids can conduct an electrical current by producing ions. Solutions are ether electrolytes or non-electrolytes. Electrolyte solutions can conduct electrical current. On the contrary to electrolytes, non-electrolytes don’t conduct an electrical current as they don’t dissociate into ions in solution. A non-halogenated compound is a compound that doesn’t contain a halogen element in their composition. This research is aimed to find a commercially available liquids and solutions that are non- halogenated, non-combustible, are liquids or in liquid-vapor equilibrium at ambient conditions, have a normal boiling point of ≥80°C, and aren’t electrically conductive, and to determine whether some suggested chemical compounds would meet the criterion: chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, bromine, mercury, and 100% concentrated sulfuric acid. Possible classes of compounds that meets the criterion requested are inorganic compounds including acids, bases, and salts, organic compounds including hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, and lipids. Most inorganic solvents and soluble inorganic compounds are electrically conductive, and most of classes of organic solvents and organic compounds are either flammable or combustible. It was found that most of the suggested chemical compounds don’t meet the criterion, and some chemical compounds meeting the criterion requested were identified.
Abstract: Liquids can be flammable, combustible or can be neither flammable nor combustible liquids. Liquids with flash points below 100 F, 37.8 degree Celsius are flammable liquids. Liquids with flash points at or above 100°F, 37.8 degree Celsius are known to be combustible liquids. The lower the flash point is the higher the flammability of the liquid. Som...
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