-
Research Article
Generative Artificial Intelligence: Research on the Risk of Science and Technology Ethics, Regulatory Mechanism and Governance Strategy
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
261-290
Received:
3 October 2025
Accepted:
13 October 2025
Published:
30 October 2025
Abstract: Digital information technologies represented by General Artificial Intelligence (GAI) are becoming the core driving force behind profound transformations in the digital judicial field. GAI may trigger ethical risks across cognitive, subject, knowledge, and data dimensions, including dissemination of biases and discrimination, privacy breaches, fabrication of false information, manipulation of cognition, and even research ethics violations. The root causes of technological ethics issues stem from insufficient stakeholder accountability, imbalance between instrumental and value rationality, self-limitation of digital judicial technologies, and inadequate AI regulatory mechanisms. It is essential to follow practical mechanisms involving technology mediation, digital benevolence, legal supervision, and ethical standard formulation. This approach aims to enhance GAIs role in reinforcing the value concept of "promoting human welfare," improving ethical governance, increasing technical explainability, strengthening corporate self-discipline, and establishing global collaborative mechanisms for comprehensive risk management. GAI undergoes rapid innovation iterations, it continues to empower human society across multiple domains: serving as an essential driving force for innovation and efficiency enhancement in the digital age, while simultaneously raising public ethical concerns due to its inherent uncertainties, risks, and complex disruptive social impacts. Assessing and addressing GAIs ethical risks proves crucial for protecting individual rights, upholding fairness and justice, and promoting social harmony. Therefore, we should approach GAI technological progress with a cautious yet forward-looking ethical perspective, ensuring that GAI truly creates benefits for humanity.
Abstract: Digital information technologies represented by General Artificial Intelligence (GAI) are becoming the core driving force behind profound transformations in the digital judicial field. GAI may trigger ethical risks across cognitive, subject, knowledge, and data dimensions, including dissemination of biases and discrimination, privacy breaches, fabr...
Show More
-
Research Article
Challenges of the Consumer Protection in Bangladesh: A Legal Analysis
Salena Akter*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
291-297
Received:
1 August 2025
Accepted:
29 August 2025
Published:
22 November 2025
Abstract: This article examines the state of consumer rights-protection in Bangladesh, highlighting both the legal framework and its practical implications. There are certain stipulations for the consumers to incline any legal action. Without having any money receipt none can file a complaint. There is a lacking in the state practice not to provide money receipt to all for petty shopping. Under such circumstances, Bangladesh has comprehensive laws in place to safeguard consumer rights, shortcomings persist in ensuring adequate protection. The presence of overlapping statutes and regulatory bodies underscores the lack of streamlined consumer protection mechanisms in the country. Another issue might be raised that is shortage of man power to run such an office smoothly. There is no independent office to oversee and work with the submitted complaints. Another perception is seen among the consumers that they might not get any remedy submitting a complaint. Through an analysis of these issues, the article aims to shed light on the challenges facing consumer rights enforcement and calls for reforms to enhance the efficacy of consumer protection measures in Bangladesh. For the better interest of the consumers the maintenance of the quality of commodities and goods is another issue to focus. In the recommendations a few suggestions have been given.
Abstract: This article examines the state of consumer rights-protection in Bangladesh, highlighting both the legal framework and its practical implications. There are certain stipulations for the consumers to incline any legal action. Without having any money receipt none can file a complaint. There is a lacking in the state practice not to provide money rec...
Show More
-
Research Article
Legal and Economic Implications of International Trade Agreements on Investments Dispute Resolution
Amos William Omolo*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
298-308
Received:
6 September 2025
Accepted:
19 September 2025
Published:
3 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijls.20250804.13
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: International trade agreements are major avenues for facilitating global economic growth, ensuring smooth supply chain management across the globe, and coordination of international relations among other social and economic activities among nations. However, such agreements and activities thereof are inevitably prone to disagreements and violations of the guiding principles. Multilateral trade agreements, Bilateral Investment Treaties, and even Regional Trade Agreements often involve countries with economic, political, and legal backgrounds or trends that predisposes them to occasional disharmony with the provisions. It is the inevitability of the disharmony and disputes in the international trade agreements that moved commercial regulators like the World Trade Organization to come up with legal and alternative mechanisms for resolving the disputes. Nevertheless, the trade agreements are equally unique in terms of their provisions with potential impacts on arbitration as an established alternative mechanism for solving international investment disputes. This study sought to examine the possible economic and legal implications of international trade agreements, including bilateral investment treaties and regional trade agreements on arbitration of international investment disputes. It was informed by three specific objectives namely, analysis of the provisions and mechanisms of international trade agreements, assessing the effects of the international trade agreements on the legal framework governing investment dispute resolution, and examination of the economic consequences of investment dispute resolution under international trade agreements. Systematic review of relevant literature alongside case analysis were used as the research methods for the realization of the aforementioned objectives. Both bilateral investment treaties and regional trade agreements were establish to contain substantial and binding provisions most of which recognize and support arbitration in the resolution of their investment disputes. Multiple cases emanating from various trade agreements were established to have been settled through arbitral tribunals. Therefore, the study concludes by noting that different provisions of the international trade agreements have worked towards strengthening the position of arbitration as a mechanism of solving international investment disputes.
Abstract: International trade agreements are major avenues for facilitating global economic growth, ensuring smooth supply chain management across the globe, and coordination of international relations among other social and economic activities among nations. However, such agreements and activities thereof are inevitably prone to disagreements and violations...
Show More
-
Research Article
An Analysis of the Legal and Institutional Framework on Marriage Conciliation Boards in Tanzania
Abdulrahman Omari Juma Kaniki*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
309-319
Received:
3 October 2025
Accepted:
22 October 2025
Published:
3 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijls.20250804.14
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Efforts should be made to ensure that marriage is salvaged. It is in this understanding that the Law of Marriage Act provides for the Marriage Conciliation Boards (MCBs) whose main role is to conciliate spouses of shaking marriages. That is why the law provides that all divorce proceedings should be preceded by conciliation before MCBs. It is only when the MCBs fail to conciliate the parties to the marriages that courts are invited to dissolve such marriages. In view of this requirement, this paper seeks to analyse the legal and institutional framework on MCBs in Tanzania. The study employed a doctrinal research whereby various sources were reviewed and analysed. They included text books, peer-reviewed journals, official reports, statutes, subsidiary legislation and case-law. In the course of analysis, a number of decisions of the High Court and Court of Appeal of Tanzania are cited to show proper interpretation of relevant provisions of the Law of Marriage Act. It is only in instances where the court is satisfied that there are extraordinary circumstances which make reference to the Board impracticable that matrimonial disputes go straight to court seeking for petition for divorce. The study identifies some challenges that affect effective operation of MCBs as envisaged by the law. They include lack of training and adequate skills to members of the boards and married, spouses opting for improper fora, handling of matrimonial cases by petitioners and lawyers, and inadequate skills by judicial officers of lower courts. The paper finds that MCBs are very important in bringing estranged spouses together through conciliation and that it only where a marriage has irretrievably broken down then courts of law are invited to entertain divorce proceedings. Thus, the following recommendations are made with the view to improving operationalisation of MCBs: the need for legal education to members of the public, strengthening legal-institutional capacity of members of MCBs and needed training for magistrates on legal-institutional framework governing matrimonial matters.
Abstract: Efforts should be made to ensure that marriage is salvaged. It is in this understanding that the Law of Marriage Act provides for the Marriage Conciliation Boards (MCBs) whose main role is to conciliate spouses of shaking marriages. That is why the law provides that all divorce proceedings should be preceded by conciliation before MCBs. It is only ...
Show More
