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Review Article
A Concise Review on Exploring Dynamics of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Within the Ionosphere
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
73-82
Received:
26 September 2024
Accepted:
16 December 2024
Published:
14 July 2025
Abstract: Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs) are complex and intriguing ionospheric phenomena characterized by localized regions of significantly depleted electron density, surrounded by areas of enhanced plasma density. These phenomena primarily occur after sunset and pose critical challenges to modern technologies reliant on ionospheric signal propagation, such as satellite navigation, radio communications, and space-based operations. The formation of EPBs is closely associated with the Rayleigh- Taylor instability (RTI), a plasma instability triggered by the interplay of gravitational forces and steep density gradients in the equatorial ionosphere. EPBs are initiated during the post-sunset period, driven by the pre-reversal enhancement (PRE) of the zonal electric field, which uplifts the ionospheric F-layer to altitudes where plasma density gradients intensify. This eastward electric field amplifies the RTI, expediting the growth of large-scale ionospheric depletions that evolve into the intricate structures characteristic of EPBs. The variability in the strength of the PRE and associated F-layer uplift significantly influences the initiation or inhibition of EPBs, resulting in complex spatial and temporal patterns of occurrence. Observational studies utilizing radar, ionograms, airglow imaging, and satellite measurements have provided a detailed understanding of EPB morphology and dynamics. These studies reveal that EPBs typically develop into elongated structures aligned with the Earth’s magnetic field, exhibiting significant variability influenced by factors such as geomagnetic activity, seasonal changes, and atmospheric dynamics. EPBs are of profound scientific and practical significance due to their disruptive impact on radio wave propagation. They induce signal scintillation, degrade satellite-based navigation accuracy, and increase errors in communication systems. These effects make EPBs a critical area of study within space weather and ionospheric physics. This paper presents an expanded overview of the mechanisms underlying EPB formation, their evolution, and their impact on ionospheric processes and communication systems. By synthesizing theoretical and observational insights, this work aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of EPB dynamics and advance predictive capabilities for mitigating their effects on modern technologies.
Abstract: Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs) are complex and intriguing ionospheric phenomena characterized by localized regions of significantly depleted electron density, surrounded by areas of enhanced plasma density. These phenomena primarily occur after sunset and pose critical challenges to modern technologies reliant on ionospheric signal propagation, s...
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Research Article
Comparison of the Universe Creation and Evolution Models
Petro Olexiyovych Kondratenko*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
83-93
Received:
10 July 2025
Accepted:
21 July 2025
Published:
5 August 2025
Abstract: The article presents a comparative analysis of the Standard model and the model of the Universe with Minimum Initial Entropy (UMIE). This analysis allowed us to reveal all the possibilities of these models and draw certain conclusions. It is shown that the Standard model of the Universe uses approaches that contradict the laws of physics. It is unable to convincingly explain the structuring of matter in the form of galaxies, stars, and planets. An important drawback of the Standard Model of the Universe is its depiction as a three-dimensional sphere, partially filled with matter and fields. The interpretation of the nature of the cosmic microwave background radiation is unconvincing. On the other hand, the UMIE model uses a stratified space to explain all the properties of the Universe. This space consists of four Worlds: zero-dimensional space, one-dimensional space, two-dimensional space, and three-dimensional space. All of these spaces are closed, since they are branes of higher spaces. There is an information connection between them through a delocalized point. A single time unites these spaces. The Scalar Field (SF) enters through zero-dimensional space. It is the carrier of the universal code. In one-dimensional space, the SF creates dyons, which are Planck particles. In two-dimensional space, it creates quarks. In three-dimensional space, the SF gives rise to bineutrons in the vicinity of existing atomic nuclei, increasing their mass. This causes the creation of all known particles, atoms, and massive bodies in the Universe. The filling of the Universe with particles occurs at a constant rate. Nuclear decay reactions occur, which cause the heating of the inner regions of stars and planets. These reactions cause the visible radiation of stars. The total energy of the radiation of all stars during the existence of the Universe determines the presence of microwave radiation, called relic.
Abstract: The article presents a comparative analysis of the Standard model and the model of the Universe with Minimum Initial Entropy (UMIE). This analysis allowed us to reveal all the possibilities of these models and draw certain conclusions. It is shown that the Standard model of the Universe uses approaches that contradict the laws of physics. It is una...
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Research Article
Nature’s Maximal Mass Density and the Mechanism Keeping It Constant
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
94-105
Received:
10 July 2025
Accepted:
21 July 2025
Published:
5 August 2025
Abstract: A belief shared by Albert Einstein and by Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington involved the probable existence of some unrecognized law of nature that prevents unrestricted gravitational collapse. The present article builds on this belief by making the reasonable assumption that Nature imposes an absolute limit on the density of mass. This premise of an ultimate density state becomes the key to resolving the mystery of why the overwhelming number of neutron stars have the same total mass value. The mystery involves the long-standing question, Why is there this amazing over-representation of neutron bodies measuring 1.4 solar mass? It turns out these identically-massed bodies are the neutron stars that have acquired a critical-state surface and, so, have reached their final (and identical) evolutionary state —and are recognized as End-State neutron stars. Then, using conventional physics, the radius, volume, and density immediately follow. Finally, by incorporating the simple mass-annihilation mechanism from DSSU theory (currently the most advanced problem-free cosmology), it is revealed how the Terminal state is maintained —how, regardless of the mass quantity an End-State neutron star absorbs, its total mass of 1.4 solar mass never ever changes!
Abstract: A belief shared by Albert Einstein and by Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington involved the probable existence of some unrecognized law of nature that prevents unrestricted gravitational collapse. The present article builds on this belief by making the reasonable assumption that Nature imposes an absolute limit on the density of mass. This premise of an ul...
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