Abstract: This paper examined gender differences in cognitive and affective outcomes of participation in PE in secondary schools in Tanzania. The study adopted achievement goal approach and involved 400 PE students (male =221: female = 179: M= 17.21 years, SD 1.69). A standardized questionnaires assessing goal orientation, purpose of PE, satisfaction and enjoyment in PE were utilized. Results confirmed the psychometric suitability of the research instruments when used in Kiswahili language. Furthermore, the multivariate analysis of variance indicated that there were significant gender differences between males and females in goal orientations and cognitive outcomes of participating in PE. Follow up univariate analyses indicated that males were higher in goal orientation, and believed that social status and enhanced lifetime health skills were important purpose of participation in PEthan females. On the other hand, females perceived social responsibility to be more important purpose of participating in PE than males. However, during participation in PE there were no gender differences in affective outcomes of satisfaction and enjoyment. Further analysisindicated that the goal orientation profiles of the individualinfluenced the outcome of participation in PE. The findings leads to a conclusion indicating that for Tanzanian PE students, gender differences have substantial influence on individual’s responses in PE. Gender was found to influence the socialization process in terms of achievement goal orientation. It is recommended that PE teachers should enhance task to fosterpro-social behavior. As more and more women are engaging in nontraditional sport such as soccer, rugby, boxing, taekwondo and weight lifting future study should examine the effect of this trend in terms of gender differences in PE and sport.Abstract: This paper examined gender differences in cognitive and affective outcomes of participation in PE in secondary schools in Tanzania. The study adopted achievement goal approach and involved 400 PE students (male =221: female = 179: M= 17.21 years, SD 1.69). A standardized questionnaires assessing goal orientation, purpose of PE, satisfaction and enj...Show More
Abstract: This study aimed at comparing physiological variables measured during a modified 20 m2 VAMEVAL test with that of its predecessor, the classical VAMEVAL test. Thirty volunteers moderately-trained sport students (14 males, 25.7 ± 3.4 years, and 16 females, 25.0 ± 2.5 years) specialized in running sport disciplines, randomly underwent three maximal oxygen uptake assessment using the classical VAMEVAL test in a 400m track (VAM400), the modified VAMEVAL test in a reduced space of 20 m2 (VAM20) and, the ergometer test (ERG) as standard test. Results revealed significant differences between the two sexes in the VAM400 and VAM20 over VO2max (P< 0.01), maximal heart rate (P< 0.05) and rating of perceived exertion (P< 0.001). No significant difference was noted in lactatemia (La) during VAM400 and VAM20. VO2max variations of 6.8% in females and 8% in males were recorded when moving from VAM400 to VAM20. The VAM20 test is valid to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness of young Cameroonians in absence of appropriated infrastructures.Abstract: This study aimed at comparing physiological variables measured during a modified 20 m2 VAMEVAL test with that of its predecessor, the classical VAMEVAL test. Thirty volunteers moderately-trained sport students (14 males, 25.7 ± 3.4 years, and 16 females, 25.0 ± 2.5 years) specialized in running sport disciplines, randomly underwent three maximal ox...Show More
